Timeline of piracy in the Bay of Honduras

A view of Truxillo Bay and city on the coast of Honduras / 1796 lithograph by Thomas Bowen / via LC

A draught of the Bay of Honduras and part of the Musquetto Shore / 1764 draught by G. Robertson / via LC

Pirates, privateers, corsairs, and buccaneers were active in the Bay of Honduras from the 1540s to the 1860s. This is an annotated, chronological list of such events, with sortable tables provided.

Prelude

1500s

1502

• 30 July – 14 August: Christopher Columbus reconnoitres the southern coast of the Bay during his fourth voyage, this being the first arrival of non-Amerindians to the region.

1508

• start of July – end of December: Juan Díaz de Solís and Vicente Yáñez Pinzón, with Pedro de Ledesma, reconnoitre the mouth of the Bay during the Pinzón–Solís voyage.

1510s

sine datum

• s.d. – s.d.: Cuban slaving expeditions to the Bay Islands.

1518

• 13 November – 13 November: Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar named adelantado of Yucatán, encompassing the northern half of the Bay.

1520s

1524

• start of January – end of June: Gil González Dávila founds the first Hispanic settlement in the Bay, Puerto de Caballos, and further leads a campaign against Manche Chʼol settlements on the Dulce River, bringing the Spanish conquest of Honduras to the Bay.
• 3 May – 3 May: Cristóbal de Olid founds Triunfo de la Cruz.

1525

• 18 May – 18 May: Francisco de las Casas relocates Triunfo de la Cruz and christens it Truxillo.

1526

• 8 December – 8 December: Francisco de Montejo named adelantado of Yucatán.

1528

• start of July – end of December: Francisco de Montejo, with Alonso González Dávila, leads a campaign against Chetumal, bringing the Spanish conquest of Yucatán to the Bay, and further (partially) reconnoitres the northern coast of the Bay.

1530s

1532

• start of July – end of (following) June: Alonso González Dávila (fully) reconnoitres the northern coast of the Bay.

1537

• 8 December – 8 December: Alonso de Cáceres founds Comayagua.

1540s

sine datum

• s.d. – s.d.: Marcos de Ayala Trujeque pioneers the Spanish logwood trade, which possibly reaches Bacalar shortly thereafter.

1544

• start of January – end of June: 1543–1544 Pachecos entrada brings the northern half of the Bay under Spanish rule.

1546

• s.d. – s.d.: Royal Navy established.
• start of October – end of (following) June: Pedro de Ávila, under commission by Francisco de Montejo, surveys the Bay.

1550s

1550

• s.d. – s.d.: Spanish begin construction of Fort Santa Barbara.

16th century

1540s

1544

• start of November – end of December: Twenty-two French corsairs aboard a patax, Pedro Braques captain, cruise the Bay, but are apprehended.

1550s

1558

• s.d. – s.d. of 1560: French corsairs raid Truxillo thrice, Puerto Caballos once, and a nearby settlement called Monguiche once.
• start of March – end of June: Two-hundred French corsairs, aboard two ships, raid Puerto Caballos.

1560s

1561

• s.d. – s.d.: French corsairs raid Puerto Caballos and Truxillo.

1570s

1571

• start of January – mid-April: Chuetot, with 50 men aboard a ship from Honfleut, cruises the Bay.

1572

• 13 January – 13 January: Lutheran pirates or privateers, aboard three ships and a chalupa, raid Puerto Caballos.

1573

• 23 February – 22 March: Francis Drake, with 17 men aboard the Minion, or John Oxenham aboard the Bear, cruise the Bay (and land at Guanaxa) during their Caribbean expedition.

1575

• 9 May – 9 May: French corsairs, aboard two zabras, raid Puerto Caballos and Truxillo.

1576

• start of July – end of December: Andrew Barker, with William Coxe, Philip Roche, and 70 men aboard the Ragged Staffe and Beare, raids Truxillo, but is eventually repulsed.

1577

• start of October – end of April of 1578: An English pirate or privateer (called Francisco de Acles by the Spanish), with 60 men aboard two ships, cruise the Bay, further sacking Puerto Caballos and Bacalar.

1578

• mid-February – mid-March: William Coxe, with 35 men, cruises the Bay.

1580s

1580

• start of May – end of May: French corsairs or English pirates or privateers (possibly) cruise the northern half of the Bay (off the Yucatan peninsula).

1590s

1592

• 9 May – end of June: Christopher Newport, with 200 men aboard the Golden Dragon, Prudence, Margaret, and Virgin, raids Truxillo and Puerto de Caballos.

1593

• start of March – end of December: The Count of Cumberland, with some 125 men aboard the Anthony and the Discovery, attempts to raid Puerto de Caballos, but is shortly repulsed.

1594

• start of January – end of June: Christopher Newport and John Burg attempt to raid Puerto de Caballos, but are shortly repulsed, whereupon Newport cruises the Bay with John Middleton.
• 15 May – 15 May: William Parker and Jérémie Raymond, with four ships, two frigates, and three pinnaces, raid Puerto de Caballos or Truxillo.

1595

• s.d. – s.d.: English pirates or privateers, in consort with French corsairs, capture Truxillo.
• s.d. – s.d.: An English pirate or privateer, in consort with a French corsair (the former called Rocharte, the latter Jeremías, by the Spanish), attempt to raid Puerto de Caballos, but upon failing, raid settlements in the Golfo Dulce, and thereafter water in Utila, where they are repulsed.
• start of May – end of May: William Parker, aboard one ship, three consorts, and two pinnaces, (again) raids Puerto de Caballos, further cruising the Golfo Dulce, and thereafter rendezvousing with Benjamin Wood and Wentworth [captains under Robert Dudley] at Guanaxa, whereupon they all raid and occupy Truxillo.
• start of July – end of July: Jérémie Raymond, with three ships, a pinnace, and a galliot, raids and burns Puerto de Caballos, further cruising the Golfo Dulce, and thereafter retiring to Utila, where the crew are surprised by a Spanish force out of Truxillo.

1597

• 30 March – 15 April: Anthony Sherley and William Parker raid Truxillo, Puerto Caballos, and riverine settlements on the Dulce River.

17th century

1600s

1601

• s.d. – s.d.: Pirates or privateers aboard four vessels (possibly) cruise the Bay (off the Yucatan peninsula).

1602

• s.d. – s.d.: Dutch privateer-turned-buccaneer, Bleeveldt or Blauvelt, settles near Bluefields.

1603

• 16 February – 7 March: Christopher Newport, with Michael Geare, captures Puerto de Caballos.

1604

• 7 March – end of following year: Spanish vecinos settle Santo Tomas de Castilla.

1606

• s.d. – s.d.: Six English pirates or privateers, aboard a frigate, raid Puerto Caballos, and march towards an inland settlement called Xequexa, were they are apprehended.
• start of January – end of June: Dutch privateers harass Spanish galleons at Santo Tomas de Castilla, and further attempt to raid the settlement, but are repulsed.

1607

• s.d. – s.d.: Dutch privateers or pirates raid Santo Tomas de Castilla and Puerto de Caballos.

1610s

1610

• s.d. – s.d.: Dutch privateers or pirates raid Puerto de Caballos.

1613

• s.d. – s.d.: English, Dutch or French privateers or pirates raid Truxillo.

1616

• s.d. – s.d.: English privateer or buccaneer, Quinn, seeks to plant settlement in Providence Island.

1617

• s.d. – s.d.: English privateers raid Bacalar.

1620s

1621

• 3 June – 3 June: The Dutch West India Company is chartered.

1630s

sine datum

• s.d. – s.d.: Spanish residents of the Bay begin illicitly trading with Dutch and English ships at port.
• s.d. – s.d.: English, Dutch, or French buccaneers or pirates begin abducting Amerindian residents of the Bay for sale at non-Spanish slave markets.

1630

• s.d. – s.d.: English, Dutch, or French privateers or pirates raid and burn Truxillo.
• s.d. – s.d.: Anthony Hilton settles Tortuga.
• 4 December – 4 December: The Providence Island colony is chartered.

1631

• s.d. – s.d.: Providence Island colony's charter is expanded to encompass the Bay.

1632

• s.d. – s.d.: English, Dutch, or French privateers or pirates raid Truxillo.

1633

• s.d. – s.d.: Anthony Hilton and Abraham Chamberlain pioneer the English dye-wood trade in Tortuga.
• 26 April – 18 September: Jan Janszoon van Hoorn, under commission from the West India Company, with Diego el Mulato and Cornelis Jol, raids Truxillo.

1634

• start of February – third quarter of following year: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers cruise the Bay.

1635

• 27 December – 29 January in following year: Providence Island colony granted letters of reprisal against the Spanish.

1636

• 22 January – 22 January: Armada de Barlovento established.
• start of March – end of May: Providence Island colony commissions privateers William Rous, John Leicester, Cornelius Billinger, Giles Mersh, and William Woodcock, instructing them (among other things) to impress Spanish pilots, including those familiar with the Bay.
• start of April – mid-May: English or Dutch privateer or buccaneer, Nacre or Neckere, leads 60 English and 100 Miskitu men on an (unsuccessful) march on Truxillo, and thereafter cruises the Bay on a frigate with 25 to 30 men.
• mid-May – end of May: Yucatan forbids the storing of logwood on beaches.

1637

• start of September – end of September: Thomas Newman cruises the Bay aboard a ship and two small craft.

1638

• s.d. – s.d.: Tipu spur widespread revolt against Bacalar, their efforts being possibly aided by piratical raids, and the Peten Itza kingdom.
• s.d. – s.d.: Peter Wallace founds the first English settlement in the Bay, Barcadares.
• s.d. – s.d.: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers raid Maya settlements on Bennett's Lagoon (near Bacalar).
• mid-March – end of June: Diego el Mulato cruises the Bay.
• start of May – end of May: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers, aboard two ships and five frigates, cruise the Bay.
• 8 June – 8 June: Proprietors of the Providence Island colony grant William Claiborne letters patent to settle Roatan.

1639

• 10 February – 10 February: Diego el Mulato, aboard two ships, raids and scorches an Amerindian settlement on Guanaxa.
• start of May – end of September: Nathaniel Butler, with William Jackson, 200 English men and an unknown number of Miskitu allies, aboard two ships, under commission of the Providence Island colony, attempts unsuccessful raid of Truxillo.
• start of September – mid-September: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers, with Alonso Gaitan and Amerindian allies from Guanaxa, raid and scorch an Amerindian settlement on Roatan.
• mid-December – 3 January of following year: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers, aboard four ships, cruise the Bay.

1640s

sine datum

• s.d. – s.d.: English buccaneers or Baymen settle Roatan.

1640

• start of March – end of March: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers, aboard eight craft, raid and assault Truxillo and a number of Amerindian settlements on Lake Izabal and Utila.

1641

• s.d. – s.d.: Dutch privateers or buccaneers, with Diego Canche, raid Maya settlements near the Belize or Sittee River, and interrupt a Franciscan misión by Bartolomé de Fuensalida.
• s.d. – s.d.: Diego el Mulato raids and scorches Truxillo, and further ventures inland to abduct women.

1642

• start of March – end of April: Diego el Mulato attempts to raid Amerindian settlements on the Ulua River, but upon failing to do so, raids Puerto de Caballos.
• 22 November – 22 November: Diego el Mulato, with 70 men, raids Bacalar and nearby Maya settlements (north of the Monkey River).

1643

• 20 July – mid-September: William Jackson, with William Rous, Samuel Axe, and a certain Cromwell, with 1,200 recruits from Barbados and St. Kitt's, aboard three ships and three pinnaces, raids and holds Truxillo twice, and raids Santo Tomas de Castilla once.

1644

• s.d. – s.d.: English or Dutch pirates raid settlements in the Amatique Bay and the Bay Islands.
• s.d. – s.d.: Spanish begin construction of Castle of San Felipe de Lara.

1645

• s.d. – s.d.: English or Dutch pirates, with 1,600 men aboard sixteen ships, raid Truxillo.

1646

• s.d. – s.d.: English or Dutch pirates raid settlements in Guanaxa.

1648

• s.d. – s.d.: English or Dutch pirates raid Truxillo.
• start of June – end of June: English or Dutch privateer or buccaneer, Abraham, raids Bacalar.

1650s

sine datum

• s.d. – s.d.: English buccaneers-turned-Baymen start logging logwood in the Bay.
• s.d. – s.d.: Miskitu mercenaries, possibly or likely with Baymen and Shoremen, begin enslaving Amerindian and Hispanic residents of the Bay.

1650

• mid-July – end of July: Spanish oust English buccaneers-turned-settlers from Roatan.

1652

• 29 May – 29 May: English or Dutch privateer or buccaneer, Abraham, (again) raids Bacalar.
• start of November – end of November: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers raid Maya settlements on the New River.

1654

• 23 October – 23 October: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers interrupt a Bacalar entrada by Francisco Pérez near the Belize River.

1659

• s.d. – s.d.: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers impress or enslave a number of residents of Maya settlements near Bacalar.

1660s

sine datum

• s.d. – s.d.: English buccaneers or Baymen raid Bacalar-in-Pacha.

1660

• s.d. – s.d.: François l'Olonnais raids Truxillo.

1662

• 11 December – 11 December: The Council of Jamaica resolve to carry on trade with Spaniards in the Bay (among others), by force of arms if necessary.

1665

• s.d. – s.d.: The Armada de Barlovento is reformed.
• 19 March – 29 June: John Morris, David Martien, Henry Morgan, Jacob Fackman, and a certain Freeman cruise the Bay, and further raid Truxillo and a number of Spanish or Amerindian coastal settlements in the Bay.

1667

• start of June – end of June of following year: François l'Olonnais, with Mozes van Klijn, harasses Spanish shipping in the Bay, sacks Puerto de Caballos, and further attempts raids of nearby Spanish settlements.

1670s

1672

• s.d. – s.d.: English, French, or Dutch pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid Truxillo and nearby Esparza.
• 22 June – 22 June: English logging in Spanish dominions (including the Bay) is deemed piracy by real cédula.

1676

• s.d. – s.d.: French pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid Truxillo.

1677

• start of August – end of August: Bartholomew Sharpe interrupts a Franciscan misión by Joseph Delgado, and further possibly raids a number of Maya settlements near the Belize River.

1678

• s.d. – s.d.: English, French, or Dutch pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid Truxillo and nearby Verapaz.

1679

• 26 September – 26 September: John Coxon captures a Spanish merchant vessel laden with indigo, possibly in the Bay.

1680s

1680

• mid-July – end of August: Pedro de Castro, with Juan Corso and Giorgio Nicolo, surprises English shipping in the Bay.

1682

• start of January – end of May: Jean Hamlin surprises English shipping in the Bay.

1683

• 17 May – 16 June: Laurens de Graaf, Michiel Andrieszoon, Nicholas van Hoorn, Michel de Grammont, Jacob Hall, and Jean Toccard cruise the Bay.
• start of December – end of December: Dutch pirates or privateers raid Spanish settlements on Lake Izabal.

1684

• 27 April – 5 May: Dutch pirates or privateers raid Spanish settlements on Lake Izabal.

1685

• start of January – end of September: Laurens de Graaf and Michel de Grammont, with Jan Willems, Michiel Andrieszoon, George Bannister, and Pierre Bot, cruise the Bay.

1686

• s.d. – s.d.: English, Dutch, or French pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid or attack Spanish settlements on Lake Izabal.
• start of March – end of March: Laurens de Graaf raids Spanish or Maya settlements in the Bay of Ascension, after which they cruise the Bay.

1687

• s.d. – s.d.: English, Dutch, or French pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid or attack Bodegas del Golfo, Olancho, and Santo Tomas de Castilla.

1688

• start of February – end of February: Jan Willems and Jacob Evertson surprise Spanish shipping in the Bay.

1690s

1690

• s.d. – s.d.: English, Dutch, or French pirates raid Spanish or Amerindian settlements in the Bay of Amatique.

1694

• 16 November – end of February following: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping near the Belize River.

18th century

1700s

1705

• start of November – end of November: Archibaldo Magdonel de Narión and Francisco Joseph Jiménez, with 30 men aboard two goletas, cruise the Chetumal Bay.

1707

• start of January – end of September: English buccaneers-turned-Baymen raid or attack Tipu.

1710s

1718

• start of February – mid-March: Blackbeard, with about 180 English and 70 Afro-Caribbean men, aboard the Queen Ann's Revenge and two Spanish prizes, waters at Coxen Hole, and surprises merchant captain William Wade aboard the William and Mary.
• 1 April – 9 April: Blackbeard, with Stede Bonnet, Lieutenant Richards, and Israel Hands, aboard the Queen Ann's Revenge and the sloop Revenge, surprises merchant captains David Harriot, Wyar, and James, aboard a ship and five sloops, near the Turneffe Atoll.
• 16 December – 23 December: Charles Vane, with Robert Deal, surprises English shipping in the Bay.

1720s

1721

• start of January – mid-April: Vernon of Jamaica, captain of a merchant ship, arrests Charles Vane, possibly within the Bay.

1722

• 10 January – end of February: George Lowther, with John Walkers and 80 to 90 men, aboard a ship and a sloop, surprises English shipping near the Belize River.
• start of August – end of August: Thomas Anstis, with John Fenn aboard the Morning Star, surprises merchant captain Dursey near the Belize River.
• start of August – mid-February of following year: Esteban de la Barca, with 50 men aboard two periaguas, surprises an English merchant frigate near the Belize River.

1723

• start of March – end of March: Fifty to sixty Spanish privateers, aboard one vessel, surprise English shipping near the Belize River, but are afterwards massacred by Edward Low and George Lowther, with Nicholas Lewis and about 50 men.

1724

• start of March – end of March: Francis Spriggs, with about 40 men aboard the Bachelor's Delight, surprises merchant captains Samuel Pick Jr. (of Rhode Island), Dixxe Gross, William Wood, Thomas Morris, Simon Fulmore, James Nelley, and Hackins (of London) near Guanaxa.
• start of May – end of May: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.
• start of September – end of September: Francis Spriggs and Richard Shipton, with 85 men, surprise English shipping in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed by HMS Diamond (James Windham captain).
• 23 December – 23 December: Francis Spriggs and Richard Shipton, with Nicholas Simmons, Jonathan Barlow, 10 English and three or four Afro-Caribbean men, aboard one periagua, surprise merchant captains Glen, Matthew Perry, and Ebenezer Kent in the Bay.

1725

• start of February – end of February: Francis Spriggs surprises English shipping in the Bay.
• 25 March – 5 April: Juan Antonio Díaz de la Rabia, with 90 men aboard a frigate, cruises near the Belize River, but is seized by HMS Diamond (Timothy Bridge lieutenant).

1727

• start of January – end of January: Baymen, with about 100 Miskitu allies aboard several small craft, raid Chunhuhub, Tela, and Tihosuco in the Bay of Ascension.
• start of March – end of June: Spanish re-settle Bacalar as a military post.
• 25 May – 25 May: Spanish privateers aboard two periaguas surprise merchant captain Rickets in the Bay.

1728

• start of November – end of November: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1729

• s.d. – s.d.: Spanish begin construction of Fort San Felipe at Bacalar.
• s.d. – s.d.: English, French, or Dutch privateers or pirates raid Puerto de Caballos.
• start of February – end of February: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1730s

1730

• start of February – end of February: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping near the Belize River, but are repulsed by merchant captain Burrows and Baymen.

1731

• start of January – end of January: Eighty Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise merchant captain John Young (of New York) in the Bay.
• 24 March – 24 March: Pedro Polis, with 60 men aboard a guardacostas, surprises the John and Jane (Ed. Burt captain, about 30 men and some women onboard) near the Turneffe Atoll, but is eventually repulsed.
• 28 June – 28 June: Twenty-five Spanish privateers, aboard a sloop, surprise merchant captain Roger Groves (of New York), with 30 to 40 men, in the Bay.
• start of August – end of August: Spanish privateers, aboard a periagua, surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1732

• start of January – end of February: Seventy Spanish privateers, aboard a brigantine, surprise merchant captain Farrington (of Boston) in the Bay.
• start of May – end of May: Spanish privateers surprise a merchant captain Wickham in the Bay.
• start of August – end of August: Spanish privateers surprise a merchant captain Knox in the Bay.
• start of December – end of January of following year: Spanish privateers, with 330 to 340 men aboard a galley and two sloops, surprise merchant captains Hindman, Bradin, and Dutch in the Bay.

1733

• 10 March – 10 March: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.
• start of December – end of January of following year: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Underwood (of Boston) in the Bay.

1734

• start of September – end of September: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain William Downs in the Bay.
• 28 September – 11 October: Spanish privateers, with 120 men aboard two sloops and five periaguas, surprise merchant captains Ephraim Higgins, Richard Dursey (of Rhode Island), and Edmonds (of Boston) in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.
• start of November – end of November: Spanish privateers surprise a Dutch merchant fly boat in the Bay.

1735

• start of October – end of October: Spanish privateers, aboard two periaguas, surprise merchant captains Bond (of Boston), Smith (of Jamaica), Wickham (of Rhode Island), Pitman (of Rhode Island), and Cranston (of Rhode Island) in the Bay.

1736

• start of March – end of March: Spanish privateers, del Petro Polla and Philip Ackling, engage merchant captains Woodberry, Willis (of Jamaica), and John Davis in the Bay.
• 1 July – 22 November: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1737

• 19 January – 19 January: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping near the Belize River.
• 26 April – 26 April: Spanish privateers, with 500 to 600 men aboard a man of war, a galley, and five periaguas, surprise merchant captains Ralph Harle, John Ray, Blackadore, Hall, and Bennet near the Belize River.
• mid-August – end of September: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains John Thomas Woner, Maxey Drowse, and John Busley in the Bay.

1738

• 18 January – 18 January: Thirty Spanish privateers, aboard two or three periaguas, surprise merchant captain Ames Wadland near the Turneffe Atoll.
• start of April – end of April: Spanish privateers, aboard three large periaguas, surprise a merchant sloop in the Bay.
• start of July – end of July: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Edward Buckley in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.
• 12 August – 12 August: Eighteen Spanish privateers, aboard a sloop, surprise merchant captain Stephen Bastwick in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.

1739

• 15 January – 15 January: Spanish privateers aboard a sloop surprise merchant captains Mark Anderson, John Guyn, and Zacariah Williams in the Bay.
• 1 February – 2 March: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Gwynn (of Boston) in the Bay.
• start of March – end of March: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Collis (of Rhode Island), Joseph Williams, Wiliam Barbour, Cobb, and Burges near Turneffe, but are shortly repulsed.
• start of April – end of April: Spanish privateers aboard a sloop surprise merchant captain Mark Anderson in the Bay.
• start of May – end of May: Spanish privateers, aboard two men of war and a half-galley, surprise English shipping in the Bay.
• start of September – end of September: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain White in the Bay.
• start of October – end of October: Twenty Spanish privateers, aboard two periaguas surprise merchant captains Pustle and Gowan in the Bay.
• start of October – end of February of following year: Holiday, with 75 men aboard a sloop, under commission from Jamaica, cruises against Spanish privateers in the Bay.

1740s

1740

• start of January – mid-April: A Jamaican privateer, with merchant captains Wilson and Gowan, seizes a Spanish privateer in the Bay.
• start of April – end of April: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Sears in the Bay.
• start of April – end of April: Spanish privateers, aboard two craft, surprise the John and Jane in the Bay, but are eventually repulsed by merchant captains Vincent (of Boston), Thatcher, and a number of Baymen aboard a small sloop.
• start of June – end of August: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Dunham, Montgomery, and Flowers in the Bay

1741

• start of February – end of February: Spanish privateers, with 110 men aboard two periaguas, surprise merchant captain Burchell in the Bay.
• start of April – end of May: Spanish privateers aboard two periaguas surprise merchant captains Bursley, Bunker, Johnston, Davis, Taylor, and Card in the Bay.
• start of June – end of June: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain John Wise in the Bay.
• start of December – end of April of following year: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Snow, Smith, Mason, and Humphreys in the Bay.

1742

• 1 January – 2 July: Ball of Boston surprises a Spanish privateer cruising in the Bay.
• start of July – end of August: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Charles Davidson and Coffin in the Bay.

1744

• start of March – end of March: Spanish privateers, aboard one vessel, surprise merchant captains Fiske, Bell, and Richardson in the Bay.

1746

• start of January – end of January: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping near the Turneffe Atoll.
• start of February – end of March: Spanish privateers, aboard a periagua, surprise merchant captain Small in the Bay.

1747

• start of May – end of June: Spanish privateers, aboard two craft, surprise English shipping off the Belize River.
• start of December – end of February of following year: Spanish privateers, aboard two craft, surprise a merchant schooner in the Bay.

1748

• start of January – end of January: Felipe López de la Flor, under commission from Yucatan, raids and scorches Barcadares and the Baymen's logging camps on the Belize River.
• start of July – end of July: Felipe López de la Flor (again) raids and scorches the Baymen's settlement and camps on the Belize River, but is eventually repulsed.
• start of August – end of September: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1750s

1750

• 1 January – 3 August: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.
• 6 May – 6 May: Spanish privateers, with 123 men aboard a galley, surprise merchant captains Vervel, Hysham, Kattur, and Brigs on the New River, but are shortly repulsed.
• 17 September – 17 September: Spanish privateers, aboard two half-galleys, surprise merchant captains Lilly and Riven in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.

1751

• s.d. – s.d.: Spanish settle Omoa as a military post, and (eventually) begin construction of Fortaleza de San Fernando.
• 25 December – 27 December: Spanish privateers, aboard two galleys and a brig, surprise English shipping near the Belize River and Water Caye, but are shortly repulsed by merchant captains Henry Stevenson, Troup, and others.

1752

• 13 February – 13 February: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Newgar on the Belize River.
• start of June – end of June: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Devereux, Maudsley, Couzens, Mosely, and Rand in the Bay, but are eventually repulsed by William Pitt, Mosely, McNamara, 50 Baymen, and 70 Shoremen.
• start of August – end of August: Spanish privateers, aboard several craft or periaguas, surprise merchant captains James Man and John Lance in the Chetumal Bay.
• 2 August – 28 September: Spanish privateers, aboard six periaguas and a flat (later joined by captain Palmo with 76 men aboard a dorey and two periaguas), surprise merchant captains Crowel (of New York) and Hall (of Connecticut), who are later joined by captains Arnold and Hill, near Water Caye.
• start of October – end of October: Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise English shipping in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.
• start of December – end of December: Spanish privateers, aboard two brigs, surprise English shipping in the Bay.
• start of December – end of February of next year: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Philip Hotton of Connecticut and James Ward of Pennsylvania in the Bay.
• 4 December – 4 December: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.

1753

• start of January – end of January: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Telamon Phoenix, Conaway, and Spurrier in the Bay.
• start of January – end of January: Antonio Alexis, aboard a brig, surprises merchant captains Coverly, Conolly, Green, Lord, and Menzie in the Bay.
• 24 February – 24 February: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.
• 28 February – 28 February: Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise merchant captain Clark in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.
• start of May – end of May: Spanish privateers, aboard a brig, surprise merchant captain Ed. Menzies near Caye Bokell, but are shortly repulsed.
• 24 May – 24 May: Sergeant of Rhode Island, with merchant captains Lawrence, Brown, Dickson, and a number of Baymen, capture and burn a Spanish privateer.
• start of July – end of July: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Dunscomb near Turneffe.
• 12 September – 12 September: Spanish privateers, with 170 men aboard a galley, surprise merchant captains Burger, French, and Menzie near Turneffe.

1754

• start of April – end of April: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Man near Glover's Reef.
• 23 May – 23 May: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Lawrence, Brown, and Dickson near Water Caye.

1755

• 14 May – 14 May: Baymen request and are granted a detachment of twenty British Army soldiers for their defence.

1756

• start of May – end of May: Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise merchant captain Ebbets in the Bay.

1770s

1770

• start of July – end of July: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1771

• start of June – end of July: Certain pirates are apprehended by the Baymen.

1772

• start of March – end of March: Spanish privateers surprise two merchant vessels in the Bay.
• 6 March – 6 March: Spanish privateers, aboard two guardacostas, surprise merchant captain Thermin near Glover's Reef.

1773

• start of March – end of July: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1775

• start of January – end of February: Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise merchant captains Ward of South Carolina and Stamer near Glover's Reef.

1777

• 12 September – 12 September: Hezekiah Anthony captures the settlement on St. George's Caye, which is shortly ransomed by the Baymen, whereafter Anthony seizes English shipping in the Sibun River.

1790s

1796

• start of November – end of December: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.

1797

• start of June – end of June: English frigate, possibly of or with Baymen, raids Truxillo.

19th century

1800s

1804

• start of January – end of January: French privateers, aboard one vessel, surprise merchant captains Hurry and Hills near Turneffe.
• 1 July – 10 July: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Jonathan Card near Utila.

1805

• 1 August – 18 September: The Mary Anne, tender of HMS Swift (Smith lieutenant), captures a Spanish privateer or guardacostas.

1806

• start of January – end of August of following year: Felucca, a Spanish privateer, cruises off the Mullins River, but is eventually chased off by HMS Wolf (William Burn captain), HMS Gaelon, HMS Aurora, and a number of Baymen aboard a gunboat.

1810s

1818

• start of December – end of October of following year: Pirate Mitchell cruises near the Belize River.

1819

• 10 May – 10 May: Louis-Michel Aury, with Gordon, raids or attacks Spanish settlements on Lake Izabal.

1820s

1822

• 2 November – 22 November: Francis Valpy, with 20 men aboard a schooner, raids a Baymen's settlement on Calabash Caye, and seizes a merchant brig near Glover's Reef.

1823

• start of February – end of February: Jean Lafitte surprises English shipping in the Bay, but is eventually chased off by USS Revenge.

1824

• 31 March – 31 March: Pirates surprise a merchant schooner (Jeykill owner) in the Bay, and further massacre the crew.

1850s

1858

• 26 December – 26 December: American filibusters aboard the Susan are wrecked off Glover's Reef, whereupon the Superintendent of colonial Belize (forcibly) removes them to Mobile, Alabama, aboard HMS Basilisk.

1859

• 1 June – 17 June: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Gunn near Roatan.

1860s

1860

• 7 September – 17 September: HMS Icarus captures William Walker and a number of American filibusters, whereupon the Superintendent of colonial Belize turns them over to the (Hispanic) Honduran authorities at Truxillo.

Tables

16th century

Timeline of 16th century piracy in the Bay of Honduras.

Floor	Ceiling	Place	Event	Party	Party	Notes
1 Nov 1544	31 Dec 1544	–	Cruise	Braques	–	with 22 French corsairs in a patax
1 Jan 1558	31 Dec 1560	Caballos Monguiche Trujillo	Raid	–	–	various French corsairs
1 Mar 1558	30 Jun 1560	Caballos	Raid	–	–	200 French corsairs in two ships
1 Jan 1561	31 Dec 1561	Caballos Trujillo	Raid	–	–	various French corsairs
1 Jan 1571	30 Apr 1571	–	Cruise	Chuetot	–	with 50 men in ship from Honfleut
13 Jan 1572	13 Jan 1572	Caballos	Raid	–	–	various Lutherans in three ships and a chalupa
23 Feb 1573	22 Mar 1573	Guanaxa	Cruise	Drake or Oxenham	López Vaez	in Minion or Bear
25 Mar 1573	25 Mar 1573	–	–	Noble	López	–
2 Apr 1575	5 Apr 1573	Caballos Trujillo	Cruise Raid	Horseley	–	–
9 May 1575	9 May 1575	Caballos Trujillo	Raid	–	–	various French corsairs in two zabras
1 Jul 1576	31 Dec 1576	Trujillo	Raid	Barker	–	with Coxe, Roche, and 70 men in Ragged Staffe and Beare
1 Oct 1577	30 Apr 1578	Bacalar Caballos	Cruise Raid	Acles	–	with 60 men in two ships
1 Feb 1578	31 Mar 1578	–	Cruise	Coxe	–	with 35 men
1 May 1580	31 May 1580	–	Cruise	–	–	various English or French men
9 May 1592	30 Jun 1592	Caballos Truxillo	Raid	Newport	–	with 200 men in the Golden Dragon, Prudence, Margaret, and Virgin
1 Mar 1593	31 Dec 1593	Caballos	Raid	Cumberland	–	with some 125 men in the Anthony and Discovery
1 Mar 1593	31 Dec 1593	Caballos	Raid	Cumberland	–	with some 125 men in the Anthony and Discovery
1 Jan 1594	30 Jun 1594	Caballos	Cruise Raid	Newport Burg Middleton	–	–
15 May 1594	15 May 1594	Caballos or Truxillo	Raid	Parker Raymond	–	in nine vessels
1 Jan 1595	31 Dec 1595	Truxillo	Raid	–	–	various English and French men
1 Jan 1595	31 Dec 1595	Caballos Golfo Dulce Utila	Cruise Raid	Rocharte Jeremías	–	various English and French men
1 May 1595	31 May 1595	Caballos Golfo Dulce Guanaxa Truxillo	Cruise Raid	Parker Wood Wentworth	–	in six or seven vessels
1 Jul 1595	31 Jul 1595	Caballos Golfo Dulce Utila	Cruise Raid	Raymond	–	in five vessels
30 Mar 1597	15 Apr 1597	Caballos Golfo Dulce Truxillo	Raid	Sherley Parker	–	–

17th century

Timeline of 17th century piracy in the Bay of Honduras.

Floor	Ceiling	Place	Event	Party	Party	Notes
1 Jan 1601	31 Dec 1601	–	Cruise	–	–	various men in four vessels
1 Jan 1602	31 Dec 1602	Bluefields	Cruise	Blauvelt	–	–
16 Feb 1603	7 Mar 1603	Caballos	Raid	Newport Geare	–	–
1 Jan 1606	31 Dec 1606	Caballos Xequexa	Raid	–	–	six English men in a frigate
1 Jan 1606	30 Jun 1606	Sto Tomas	Raid	–	–	various Dutch men
1 Jan 1607	31 Dec 1607	Caballos Sto Tomas	Raid	–	–	various Dutch men
1 Jan 1610	31 Dec 1610	Caballos	Raid	–	–	various Dutch men
1 Jan 1613	31 Dec 1613	Truxillo	Raid	–	–	various English, Dutch, or French men
1 Jan 1616	31 Dec 1616	Providence	Camp	Quinn	–	–
1 Jan 1617	31 Dec 1617	Bacalar	Raid	–	–	various English men
3 Jun 1621	3 Jun 1621	Hague	Charter	West India Co	–	various Dutch men
1 Jan 1630	31 Dec 1639	–	Smuggling	–	–	by Spanish vecinos with Dutch and English ships
1 Jan 1630	31 Dec 1639	–	Slaving	–	–	of Amerindians by various English, Dutch, or French men
1 Jan 1630	31 Dec 1630	Truxillo	Raid	–	–	various English, Dutch, or French men
1 Jan 1630	31 Dec 1630	Tortuga	Camp	Hilton	–	–
4 Dec 1630	4 Dec 1630	London	Charter	Providence Island Co	–	various English men
1 Jan 1631	31 Dec 1631	London	Charter	Providence Island Co	–	charter territory expanded to Bay of Honduras
1 Jan 1632	31 Dec 1632	Truxillo	Raid	–	–	various English, Dutch, or French men
1 Jan 1633	31 Dec 1633	Tortuga	Logging	Hilton Chamberlain	–	of dye-woods
26 Apr 1633	18 Sep 1633	Truxillo	Raid	Hoorn	–	with Mulato and Jol, for the West India Co
1 Feb 1634	30 Sep 1635	–	Cruise	–	–	various English or Dutch men
27 Dec 1635	29 Jan 1636	London	Charter	Providence Island Co	–	granted letters of reprisal against Spanish
22 Jan 1636	22 Jan 1636	Madrid	Charter	Armada de Barlovento	–	various Spanish men
1 Mar 1636	31 May 1636	Providence	Charter	Providence Island Co	–	various men commissioned as privateers
1 Apr 1636	31 May 1636	Truxillo	Cruise Raid	Nacre or Nackere	–	with (initially) 60 English and 100 Miskitu men, and (later) 25 to 30 men in a frigate
1 May 1636	31 May 1636	Merida	Logging	Governor	–	forbids laying logwood in open beaches
1 Sep 1637	30 Sep 1637	–	Cruise	Newman	–	in three vessels
1 Jan 1638	31 Dec 1638	Tipu	Revolt	–	–	including possible piratical aid
1 Jan 1638	31 Dec 1638	Barcadares	Camp	Wallace	–	–
1 Jan 1638	31 Dec 1638	Bennett's Lagoon	Raid	–	–	of Maya hamlets by various English or Dutch men
1 Mar 1638	30 Jun 1638	–	Cruise	Mulato	–	–
1 May 1638	31 May 1638	–	Cruise	–	–	various English or Dutch men in seven vessels
8 Jun 1638	8 Jun 1638	Providence	Charter	Providence Island Co	–	grant settlement charter for Roatan to Claiborne
10 Feb 1639	10 Feb 1639	Guanaxa	Raid	Mulato	–	in two ships
1 May 1639	30 Sep 1639	Truxillo	Raid	Butler Jackson	–	with 200 English and various Miskitu men, for Providence Island Co
1 Sep 1639	30 Sep 1639	Roatan	Raid	–	–	various English or Dutch men, with Gaitan and various Amerindian residents of Guanaxa
1 Dec 1639	3 Jan 1640	–	Cruise	–	–	various English or Dutch men in four ships
1 Jan 1640	31 Dec 1649	Roatan	Camp	–	–	various English men or Baymen
1 Mar 1640	31 Mar 1640	Lake Izabal Truxillo Utila	Raid	–	–	various English or Dutch men in eight vessels
1 Jan 1641	31 Dec 1641	Belize or Sittee River	Raid	–	Fuensalida	various Dutch men with Canche
1 Jan 1641	31 Dec 1641	Truxillo	Raid	Mulato	–	–
1 Mar 1642	30 Apr 1642	Caballos Ulua River	Raid	Mulato	–	–
22 Nov 1642	22 Nov 1642	Bacalar Monkey River	Raid	Mulato	–	with 70 men
20 Jul 1643	30 Sep 1643	Truxillo Sto Tomas	Raid	Jackson	–	with Rous, Axe, Cromwell, and 1,200 men in six vessels
1 Jan 1644	31 Dec 1644	Amatique Bay Bay Islands	Raid	–	–	various English or Dutch men
1 Jan 1644	31 Dec 1644	Lake Izabal	Charter	Governor	–	Spanish fort built
1 Jan 1645	31 Dec 1645	Truxillo	Raid	–	–	1,600 English or Dutch men in sixteen ships
1 Jan 1646	31 Dec 1646	Guanaxa	Raid	–	–	various English or Dutch men
1 Jan 1648	31 Dec 1648	Truxillo	Raid	–	–	various English or Dutch men
1 Jun 1648	30 Jun 1648	Bacalar	Raid	Abraham	–	–
1 Jan 1650	31 Dec 1659	Barcadares	Logging	–	–	of logwood by various Baymen
1 Jan 1650	31 Dec 1659	–	Slaving	–	–	of Amerindians and Spaniards by Miskitu men with Baymen and Shoremen
1 Jul 1650	31 Jul 1650	Roatan	Raid	–	–	various Spanish men against English men, Baymen, or Shoremen
29 May 1652	29 May 1652	Bacalar	Raid	Abraham	–	–
1 Nov 1652	30 Nov 1652	New River	Raid	–	–	of Maya hamlets by English or Dutch men
23 Oct 1654	23 Oct 1654	Belize River	Cruise	–	Pérez	various English or Dutch men
1 Jan 1659	31 Dec 1659	Hondo River	Raid	–	–	of Maya hamlets by English or Dutch men
1 Jan 1660	31 Dec 1669	Pacha	Raid	–	–	various Englishmen or Baymen
1 Jan 1660	31 Dec 1660	Truxillo	Raid	Olonnais	–	–
11 Dec 1662	11 Dec 1662	Spanish Town	Smuggling	Council of Jamaica	–	resolve to force trade with Spaniards
1 Jan 1665	31 Dec 1665	Madrid	Charter	Armada de Barlovento	–	reformed
19 Mar 1665	29 Jun 1665	Truxillo other	Cruise Raid	Morris Martien Morgan Fackman Freeman	–	where other means various Spanish or Amerindian coastal settlements in the Bay of Honduras
1 Jun 1667	30 Jun 1668	Caballos Golfo Dulce	Cruise Raid	Olonnais	–	with Klijn
1 Jan 1672	31 Dec 1672	Esparza Truxillo	Raid	–	–	various English, French, or Dutch men
22 Jun 1672	22 Jun 1672	Madrid	Charter	Crown	–	real cédula deems logging by non-Spaniards piracy
1 Jan 1676	31 Dec 1676	Truxillo	Raid	–	–	various French men
1 Aug 1677	31 Aug 1677	Belize River	Cruise Raid	Sharpe	Delgado	–
1 Jan 1678	31 Dec 1678	Truxillo Verapaz	Raid	–	–	various English, French, or Dutch men
26 Sep 1679	26 Sep 1679	–	Cruise	Coxon	–	captures indigo-laden Spanish merchant vessel
1 Jul 1680	31 Aug 1680	–	Cruise	Castro	–	with Corso and Nicolo, against English shipping
1 Jan 1682	31 May 1682	–	Cruise	Hamlin	–	against English shipping
17 May 1683	16 Jun 1683	–	Cruise	Graaf Andrieszoon Hoorn Grammont Hall Toccard	–	–
1 Dec 1683	31 Dec 1544	Lake Izabal	Raid	–	–	various Dutch men
27 Apr 1684	5 May 1684	Lake Izabal	Raid	–	–	various Dutch men
1 Jan 1685	30 Sep 1685	–	Cruise	Graaf Grammont	–	with Willems, Andrieszoon, Bannister, and Bot
1 Jan 1686	31 Dec 1686	Lake Izabal	Raid	–	–	various English, Dutch, or French men
1 Mar 1686	31 Mar 1686	Ascension Bay	Cruise Raid	Graaf	–	of Maya hamlets
1 Jan 1687	31 Dec 1687	Bodegas Olancho Sto Tomas	Raid	–	–	various English, Dutch, or French men
1 Feb 1688	29 Feb 1688	–	Cruise	Willems Evertson	–	against Spanish shipping
1 Jan 1690	31 Dec 1690	Amatique Bay	Raid	–	–	various English, Dutch, or French men
16 Nov 1694	28 Feb 1695	Belize River	Raid	–	–	various Spanish men against English shipping

18th century

Timeline of 18th century piracy in the Bay of Honduras.

Floor	Ceiling	Place	Event	Party	Party	Notes
1 Nov 1705	30 Nov 1705	Chetumal Bay	Cruise	Magdonel de Narión Jiménez	–	with 30 men in two goletas
1 Jan 1707	30 Sep 1707	Tipu	Raid	–	–	various Baymen
1 Feb 1718	31 Mar 1718	Roatan	Cruise	Blackbeard	Wade	with some 180 English and 70 Afro-Caribbean men in three vessels
1 Apr 1718	9 Apr 1718	Turneffe Atoll	Cruise	Blackbeard	Harriot Wyar James	with Bonnet, Richards, and Hands in two vessels
16 Dec 1718	23 Dec 1718	–	Cruise	Vane	–	with Deal, against English shipping
1 Jan 1721	30 Apr 1721	–	Cruise	Vernon	Vane	including arrest of Vane for piracy
10 Jan 1722	28 Feb 1722	Belize River	Cruise	Lowther	–	with Walkers and 80 to 90 men in two vessels, against English shipping
1 Aug 1722	31 Aug 1722	Belize River	Cruise	Anstis	Dursey	with Fenn in the Morning Star
1 Aug 1722	28 Feb 1723	Belize River	Cruise	Barca	–	with 50 men in two periaguas
1 Mar 1723	31 Mar 1723	Belize River	Raid Massacre	Low Lowther	–	with Lewis and some 50 men, against 50 to 60 Spanish privateers in one vessel
1 Mar 1724	31 Mar 1724	Guanaxa	Cruise	Spriggs	Pick Jr Gross Wood Morris Fulmore Nelley Hackins	with some 40 men in the Bachelor's Delight
1 May 1724	31 May 1724	–	Cruise	–	–	various Spanish privateers
1 Sep 1724	30 Sep 1724	–	Cruise	Spriggs Shipton	Windham	with 85 men, against HMS Diamond
23 Dec 1724	23 Dec 1724	–	Cruise	Spriggs Shipton	Glen Perry Kent	with Simmons, Barlow, 10 English and three or four Afro-Caribbean men in a periagua
1 Feb 1725	28 Feb 1725	–	Cruise	Spriggs	–	against English shipping
25 Mar 1725	5 Apr 1725	Belize River	Cruise	Díaz de la Rabia	Bridge	with 90 Spanish privateers in a frigate, against HMS Diamond
1 Jan 1727	31 Jan 1727	Ascension Bay	Raid	–	–	various Baymen with some 100 Miskitu men in several small craft
1 Mar 1727	30 Jun 1727	Bacalar	Charter	Governor	–	various Spanish vecinos re-settle as military post
25 May 1727	25 May 1727	–	Cruise	–	Rickets	various Spanish privateers in two periaguas
1 Nov 1728	30 Nov 1728	–	Cruise	–	–	various Spanish privateers
1 Jan 1729	31 Dec 1729	Bacalar	Charter	Governor	–	Spanish fort built
1 Jan 1729	31 Dec 1729	Caballos	Raid	–	–	various English, French, or Dutch men
1 Feb 1729	28 Feb 1729	–	Cruise	–	–	various Spanish privateers
1 Jan 1544	31 Dec 1544	–	–	–	–	–

Notes and references

References

News

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35. anon. (22 July 1732b). "LONDON". Universal Spectator and Weekly Journal. No. 198. London: Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old Baily near Ludgate; and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. pp. 2–3.
36. anon. (3 October 1732c). "LONDON". Daily Journal. No. 3666. London: Printed by J. Purser in Salisbury-Court, Fleetstreet. p. 2.
37. anon. (27 May 1732d). "Extract of a Letter from Campeche in the Province of Yucatan, dated Nov. 24". Read's Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. No. 375. London: Printed for E. Nunneley, at the Printing Office the Corner House in White Friars, Fleet-Street. p. 3.
38. anon. (1733a). "Boston in New-England, April 16". Bee or Universal Weekly Pamphlet. Vol. 2, no. 21. London: Printed for M. Harris, at the Sign of the Bee-Hive, in High-Holborn. p. 902.
39. anon. (16 April 1733b). "Boston, April 16". Weekly Rehearsal. No. 81. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart & Crown in Cornhill. pp. 1–2.
40. anon. (23 May 1733c). "LONDON, May 23". Parker's Penny Post. No. 1262. London: Printed by George Parker, at the Star in Salisbury-Court Fleet. pp. 2–3.
41. anon. (6 August 1733d). "LONDON, August the 6th". Parker's Penny Post. No. 1294. London: Printed by George Parker, at the Star in Salisbury-Court Fleet. pp. 2–3.
42. anon. (8 August 1733e). "LONDON, August the 8th". Parker's Penny Post. No. 1295. London: Printed by George Parker, at the Star in Salisbury-Court Fleet. pp. 2–3.
43. anon. (24 February 1734a). "Newport, Jan. 1734-5". New-York Weekly Journal. No. 68. New York: Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. p. 4.
44. anon. (11 November 1734b). "BOSTON, October 14". New-York Weekly Journal. No. 54. New York: Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. p. 3.
45. anon. (18 January 1735a). "LONDON, January 18". General Evening Post. No. 203. London: Printed for and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. pp. 1–2.
46. anon. (30 January 1735b). "Boston, Jan. 30". Boston News-Letter. No. 1615. Boston, MA: Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. p. 2.
47. anon. (28 February 1735c). "LONDON, February 17, 19, and 21". Dublin Evening Post. Vol. 4, no. 67. Dublin: Printed by and for Theophilus Jones in Clarendon-street, opposite to Copinger's-lane. p. 50.
48. anon. (22 December 1735d). "Boston, December 15". New-York Weekly Journal. No. 111. New York: Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. p. 3.
49. anon. (15 June 1736). "LONDON". London Evening Post. No. 1338. London: Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. p. 2.
50. anon. (28 February 1737a). "Newport, Rhode-Island, Feb. 21". Boston Evening-Post. No. 81. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 2.
51. anon. (10 March 1737b). "London, November 22". Virginia Gazette. No. 84. Williamsburg, VA: Printed by W. Parks. pp. 3–4.
52. anon. (10 March 1737c). "Williamsburg, March 10". Virginia Gazette. No. 84. Williamsburg, VA: Printed by W. Parks. p. 4.
53. anon. (26 September 1737d). "Boston, September 12". New-York Weekly Journal. No. 203. New York: Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. p. 3.
54. anon. (10 October 1737e). "Boston, August 29". New-York Weekly Journal. No. 205. New York: Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. p. 2.
55. anon. (16 February 1738a). "Charlstown, South-Carolina, Nov. 17". Boston News-Letter. No. 1769. Boston, MA: Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. p. 2.
56. anon. (23 March 1738b). "Newport, Rhode-Island, March 17". Boston News-Letter. No. 1774. Boston, MA: Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. p. 2.
57. anon. (17 June 1738c). "NEW ENGLAND. Boston, May 8". Daily Gazetteer. No. 922. London: Printed for T. Cooper, at the Globe in Pater-noster-Row. p. 1.
58. anon. (21 October 1738d). "From the New England Weekly Journal, dated Aug. 29. New York, Aug. 21". Daily Gazetteer. No. 1030. London: Printed for T. Cooper, at the Globe in Pater-noster-Row. p. 1.
59. anon. (16 April 1739a). "BOSTON. March 12". New-York Weekly Journal. No. 279. New York: Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. p. 3.
60. anon. (17 May 1739b). "Newport, Rhode-Island, May 11". Boston News-Letter. No. 1834. Boston, MA: Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. p. 2.
61. anon. (24 May 1739c). "Charles-Town South-Carolina, March 6". American Weekly Mercury. No. 1012. Philadelphia, PA: Printed and Sold by Andrew Bradford, at the Sign of the Bible in Front-street. p. 2.
62. anon. (23 June 1739d). "LONDON". Universal Spectator and Weekly Journal. No. 559. London: Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old Baily near Ludgate; and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. p. 3.
63. anon. (17 July 1739e). "LONDON, July 17". General Evening Post. No. 906. London: Printed for and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. p. 2.
64. anon. (22 September 1739f). "Newport, Rhode-Island, May 11". Virginia Gazette. No. 151. Williamsburg, VA: Printed by W. Parks. p. 2.
65. anon. (22 November 1739g). "LONDON, November 22". General Evening Post. No. 961. London: Printed for and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. p. 2.
66. anon. (24 November 1739h). "LONDON, November 24, 1739". Old Common Sense or the Englishman's Journal. No. 147. Printed by J. Purser in White-Fryars, near Fleet-Street. p. 287.
67. anon. (8 December 1739i). "LONDON, December 8". General Evening Post. No. 968. London: Printed for and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. p. 2.
68. anon. (14 April 1740a). "Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman of Distinction in Antigua, to His Friend in Boston, Dated March 8th, 1739,40". Boston Evening-Post. No. 245. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 2.
69. anon. (29 May 1740b). "LONDON, May 29". General Evening Post. No. 1042. London: Printed for and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. p. 2.
70. anon. (10 June 1740c). "LONDON". London and Country Journal. No. 76 (Tuesday ed.). London: Printed by R. Walker in Fleet Lane. pp. 2–3.
71. anon. (14 August 1740d). "Boston". Boston News-Letter. No. 1899. Boston, MA: Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. p. 2.
72. anon. (29 September 1740e). "New-York". New-York Weekly Journal. No. 356. New York: Printed and Sold by John Peter Zenger. p. 3.
73. anon. (2 October 1740f). "Rhode-Island, Sept. 26". Boston News-Letter. No. 1906. Boston, MA: Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. p. 2.
74. anon. (7 October 1740g). "New-York, September 29". New-England Weekly Journal. No. 703. Boston, MA: Printed by S. Kneeland & T. Green, at the Printing-House in Queen Street. pp. 1–2.
75. anon. (19 March 1741a). "NEW-YORK, February 23d". Boston News-Letter. No. 1930. Boston, MA: Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. p. 1.
76. anon. (15 June 1741b). "Boston". Boston Evening-Post. No. 306. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 1.
77. anon. (16 October 1741c). "America. Boston, July 20". Daily Gazetteer. No. 1975. London: Printed for T. Cooper, at the Globe in Pater-noster-Row. p. 3.
78. anon. (12 April 1742a). "Boston". Boston Evening-Post. No. 349. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. pp. 1–2.
79. anon. (29 April 1742b). "Charles-Town, South-Carolina, March 27". American Weekly Mercury. No. 1165. Philadelphia: Printed and Sold by Andrew Bradford, at the Bible in the Second Street; and also by William Bradford in New-York. p. 3.
80. anon. (2 July 1742c). "Ships taken by the Britons". Scots Magazine. Vol. 4. Edinburgh: Printed by Sands, Brymer, Murray and Cochran. p. 338. hdl:2027/hvd.32044092547249.
81. anon. (4 October 1742d). "Newport, October 1". Boston Post-Boy. No. 407. Boston, MA: Printed for E. Huske, Post-Master. p. 2.
82. anon. (26 April 1744a). "Boston". Boston News-Letter. No. 2091. Boston, MA: Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. p. 2.
83. anon. (3 July 1744b). "PLANTATION NEWS. Boston, April 30". London Evening Post. No. 2598. London: Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. p. 7.
84. anon. (13 March 1746a). "LONDON". St. James's Evening Post. No. 5639. London: Printed for T. Warner, at the Black-Boy in Pater-Noster-Row. p. 3.
85. anon. (29 May 1746b). "LONDON". General London Evening Mercury. No. 482. London: Printed for A. McCulloh, at the Lamb and Bible, near Devreux-Court, without Temple-Bar. p. 3.
86. anon. (31 May 1746c). "We have Advice that Capt. Small, of New England, from Honduras, ...". National Journal or Country Gazette. No. 31. London: Printed for J. Purser in Red-Lyon Court, Fleetstreet. p. 61.
87. anon. (13 August 1747). "LONDON, August 13". General Evening Post. No. 2159. London: Printed for and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. p. 2.
88. anon. (10 March 1748a). "Last Tuesday Night arrived here a small Scooner from the Bay ...". Boston News-Letter. No. 2395. Boston, MA: Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. p. 4.
89. anon. (5 November 1748b). "A Brigantine from Boston, Dupree Master, is taken ...". General Advertiser. No. 4378. London: Printed by W. Egelsham, at Mr. Woodfall's, the Corner of Ivy-Lane, Pater-noster-Row. p. 1.
90. anon. (16 July 1750a). "New-York". New-York Evening Post. No. 269. New York: Printed by Henry De Foreest, in Wall-Street. p. 3.
91. anon. (23 July 1750b). "New-York, July 16". Boston Evening-Post. No. 780. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 1.
92. anon. (3 August 1750c). "According to advices from MADRID, one of the motives ...". Scots Magazine. Vol. 12. Edinburgh: Printed by Sands, Brymer, Murray and Cochran. p. 391. hdl:2027/hvd.32044092547116.
93. anon. (22 September 1750d). "PLANTATION NEWS. New York, July 16". Whitehall Evening Post or London Intelligencer. No. 720. London: Sold by C. Corbett, opposite St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet-Street. p. 1.
94. anon. (22 October 1750e). "New-York, October 15". Boston Evening-Post. No. 793. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 4.
95. anon. (2 March 1752a). "Boston". Boston Evening-Post. No. 863. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 1.
96. anon. (9 March 1752b). "Charles-Town, in South-Carolina, February 22". New-York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy. No. 477. New York: Printed by James Parker, at the New Printing Office in Beaver-Street. p. 2.
97. anon. (10 August 1752c). "New York, Aug. 3". Boston Evening-Post. No. 886. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 1.
98. anon. (18 August 1752d). "LONDON, August 20". Harrop's Manchester Mercury. No. 25. Manchester: Printed by Joseph Harrop, at the Sign of the Printing Press, opposite the Exchange. p. 99.
99. anon. (27 August 1752e). "CANTERBURY PACES". London Evening Post. No. 3878. London: Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. p. 1.
100. anon. (1 September 1752f). "LONDON, August 27". Harrop's Manchester Mercury. No. 27. Manchester: Printed by Joseph Harrop, at the Sign of the Printing Press, opposite the Exchange. p. 103.
101. anon. (25 September 1752g). "New-York September 18". Boston Post-Boy. No. 925. Boston, MA: Printed for E. Huske, Post-Master. p. 1.
102. anon. (27 September 1752h). "LONDON". London Daily Advertiser. No. 483. London: Printed for J. Dixwell, at J. Moore's, in Bartholomew-Lane; and sold at the Dunciad in St. Paul's Church yard. p. 2.
103. anon. (2 October 1752i). "Newport, Rhode-Island, Sept. 28". Boston Post-Boy. No. 926. Boston, MA: Printed for E. Huske, Post-Master. p. 2.
104. anon. (10 October 1752j). "PLANTATION NEWS. Rhode-Island, July 24". Harrop's Manchester Mercury. No. 31. Manchester: Printed by Joseph Harrop, at the Sign of the Printing Press, opposite the Exchange. p. 119.
105. anon. (27 November 1752k). "Copy of a Letter from Capt. M'Namara, of the Friendship, Arrived at Falmouth, from the Bay of Honduras, Dated Sept. 22". New-York Mercury. No. 16. New York: Printed by Hugh Gaine, at the Printing-Office on Hunter's-Key, next Door to Mr. Walton's Storehouse. p. 2.
106. anon. (27 November 1752l). "New-York, November 20". Boston Post-Boy. No. 934. Boston, MA: Printed for E. Huske, Post-Master. p. 2.
107. anon. (10 August 1752m). "New York, Aug. 3". Boston Evening-Post. No. 886. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 1.
108. anon. (2 October 1752n). "Newport, Rhode-Island, Sept. 28". Boston Post-Boy. No. 926. Boston, MA: Printed for E. Huske, Post-Master. p. 2.
109. anon. (6 January 1753a). "PLANTATION NEWS. ... Boston, Nov. 6". Read's Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. No. 1478. London: Printed for E. Nunneley, at the Printing Office the Corner House in White Friars, Fleet-Street. p. 1.
110. anon. (20 January 1753b). "LONDON". Read's Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. No. 1480. London: Printed for E. Nunneley, at the Printing Office the Corner House in White Friars, Fleet-Street. pp. 3–4.
111. anon. (30 January 1753c). "LONDON, January 27". Harrop's Manchester Mercury. No. 47. Manchester: Printed by Joseph Harrop, at the Sign of the Printing Press, opposite the Exchange. p. 182.
112. anon. (13 February 1753d). "NEW-YORK, February 5". Pennsylvania Gazette. No. 1260. Philadelphia: Printed by B. Franklin, Post-Master, and D. Hall, at the New-Printing-Office, near the Market. p. 2.
113. anon. (24 February 1753e). "LONDON". Read's Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. No. 1485. London: Printed for E. Nunneley, at the Printing Office the Corner House in White Friars, Fleet-Street. pp. 2–3.
114. anon. (6 March 1753f). "New-York, February 19". Boston Gazette. No. 10. Boston, MA: Printed by B. Green, jun. for Henry Marshall Post-Master, and Sold at the Post Office, in Cornhill. p. 2.
115. anon. (13 March 1753g). "LONDON, March 6". Harrop's Manchester Mercury. No. 53. Manchester: Printed by Joseph Harrop, at the Sign of the Printing Press, opposite the Exchange. p. 202.
116. anon. (20 March 1753h). "New-York, March 12". Pennsylvania Gazette. No. 1265. Philadelphia: Printed by B. Franklin, Post-Master, and D. Hall, at the New-Printing-Office, near the Market. p. 2.
117. anon. (12 April 1753i). "NEW-YORK, April 9". Pennsylvania Journal or Weekly Advertiser. No. 540. Philadelphia: Printed and Sold by William Bradford, at the Sign of the Bible the Corner of Black Horse Alley, in Second-Street. p. 3.
118. anon. (26 April 1753j). "LONDON". London Evening Post. No. 3978. London: Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. p. 4.
119. anon. (11 June 1753k). "Captain Ramsey in 32 Days from the Bay of Honduras, informs us, ...". New-York Mercury. No. 44. New York: Printed by Hugh Gaine, at the Printing-Office on Hunter's-Key, next Door to Mr. Walton's Storehouse. p. 3.
120. anon. (6 August 1753l). "New-York, July 30". Boston Post-Boy. No. 970. Boston, MA: Printed for E. Huske, Post-Master. p. 1.
121. anon. (20 August 1753m). "LONDON". Public Advertiser. No. 5869. London: Printed and Sold by W. Egelsham the Corner of Ivy-Lane, Pater-noster-Row. p. 1.
122. anon. (11 September 1753n). "Advices from New-York of the 30th of July say, ...". London Evening Post. No. 4030. London: Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. p. 5.
123. anon. (20 September 1753o). "New-York, September 17". Pennsylvania Gazette. No. 1291. Philadelphia: Printed by B. Franklin, Post-Master, and D. Hall, at the New-Printing-Office, near the Market. p. 3.
124. anon. (8 November 1753p). "New-York, November 5". Pennsylvania Gazette. No. 1298. Philadelphia: Printed by B. Franklin, Post-Master, and D. Hall, at the New-Printing-Office, near the Market. p. 2.
125. anon. (4 March 1754a). "Last Week Captain Edward Morris arrived here from Rhode-Island, ...". New-York Mercury. No. 82. New York: Printed by Hugh Gaine, at the Printing-Office on Hunter's-Key, next Door to Mr. Walton's Storehouse. p. 3.
126. anon. (11 June 1754b). "NEW-YORK, June 3". Boston Gazette. No. 76. Boston, MA: Printed by B. Green, jun. for Henry Marshall Post-Master, and Sold at the Post Office, in Cornhill. p. 2.
127. anon. (18 July 1754c). "New-York, July 2". Pennsylvania Gazette. No. 1334. Philadelphia: Printed by B. Franklin, Post-Master, and D. Hall, at the New-Printing-Office, near the Market. p. 7.
128. anon. (27 May 1756). "NEW-YORK, May 17". Boston News-Letter. No. 2812. Boston, MA: Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury-Street. p. 2.
129. anon. (26 September 1770a). "LONDON". Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser. No. 12971. London: Printed for Charles Say, in Newgate-street. p. 2.
130. anon. (8 November 1770b). "LONDON". Middlesex Journal. No. 250. London: Printed for J. Wheble, at No. 20, in Pater-noster Row. p. 2.
131. anon. (29 November 1770c). "Abstract of a Letter from Jamaica". New-York Journal. No. 1456. New York: Printed and published by John Holt, near the Exchange. p. 208.
132. anon. (22 August 1771). "St. John's, in Antigua, July 27". New-York Journal. No. 1494. New York: Printed and published by John Holt, near the Exchange. p. 414.
133. anon. (2 May 1772a). "Postscript. ... LONDON". London Evening Post. No. 6915. London: Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. p. 4.
134. anon. (28 September 1772b). "A vessel from New Providence brings advice, ...". Pennsylvania Packet. No. 49. Philadelphia: Printed by John Dunlap, at the Newest Printing-Office, in Market-Street. p. 4.
135. anon. (14 September 1773). "Postscript. ... LONDON". Middlesex Journal. No. 696. London: Printed for J. Wheble, at No. 20, in Pater-noster Row. p. 4.
136. anon. (20 April 1775). "LONDON". London Evening Post. No. 8279. London: Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old-Baily near Ludgate. p. 5.
137. anon. (22 November 1777a). "Extract of a Letter from Honduras, Dated Oct. 6". Rivington's New-York Loyal Gazette. No. 144. New York: J. Rivington. p. 3. LCCN sn83030844. OCLC 2267230.
138. anon. (25 December 1777b). "LONDON". Daily Advertiser. No. 14672. London: Printed for J. Fenour, at No. 33, opposite St. Dunstan's Church, in Fleet-Street. p. 8.
139. anon. (7 October 1797). "Arrived, ship Elizabeth, Capt. Edes, from the bay ...". Spectator. Vol. 1, no. 2. New York: Published (Wednesdays and Saturdays) by George F. Hopkins, Printer of the Laws of the United States for the District of New-York. p. 3.
140. anon. (20 March 1804). "Extract of a Letter from Honduras-Received at Jamaica". Philadelphia Evening Post. Vol. 1, no. 26. Philadelphia: By William McCorkle, No. 21, Walnut-Street. p. 3.
141. anon. (2 April 1819). "A letter from the Bay of Honduras, ...". Columbian. Vol. 10, no. 2770. New York: By A. Spooner, No. 69 Pine-street. p. 2.
142. anon. (3 July 1819a). "From Honduras". Newport Mercury. Vol. 58, no. 2986. Newport, RI: Printed and published by Wm. & J. H. Barber, Opposite the Brick-Market. p. 3.
143. anon. (28 July 1819b). "Yesterday arrived at this post the U.S. brig Enterprize, ...". Columbian. Vol. 10, no. 2866. New York: By A. Spooner, No. 69 Pine-street. p. 2.
144. anon. (15 May 1824). "Extract of a letter dated Belize, Honduras, 7th April, 1824". Jamaica Journal. Vol. 2, no. 5. Kingston, Jam. p. 55.
145. anon. (4 July 1859). "Our Honduras Correspondence". New York Herald. Vol. 24, no. 184 (Morning ed.). New York. p. 5.
146. anon. (1860a). "Occasional Papers of the Nautical Club.--No. XII". Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicler. Vol. 29. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. pp. 597–609. hdl:2027/nyp.33433066364856.
147. anon. (18 August 1860b). "INTERESTING FROM CENTRAL AMERICA". New York Herald. No. 8745 (Morning ed.). New York. p. 1.

Journals

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5. Botella-Ordinas, E. (2010). "DEBATING EMPIRES, INVENTING EMPIRES: British Territorial Claims Against the Spaniards in America, 1670—1714". Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies. 10 (1): 142–168. JSTOR 23267356.
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7. Mihok, Lorena Diane (2013). Unearthing Augusta: Landscapes of Royalization on Roatan Island, Honduras (PhD). Tampa, Fl.: University of South Florida.
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10. Zackrison, James L. (1985). The Castillo de San Fernando de Omoa: The History of a Fiasco (MA). Loma Linda, CA: Loma Linda University.

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