Tequiraca (Tekiráka), also known as Abishira,[2] Aiwa (Aewa, Aʔɨwa), Ixignor,[3] or Vacacocha, is an extinct language once spoken in Peru. In 1925 there were between 50 and 80 speakers in Puerto Elvira on Lake Vacacocha (connected with the Napo River). It is presumed extinct some time in the mid 20th century, though in 2008 two rememberers were found and 160 words and short sentences were recorded.[4] Today, most ethnic Aiwa people have shifted to Kichwa and Spanish.[5]
| Tequiraca | |
|---|---|
| Aiwa, Aewa | |
| Abishira | |
| Native to | Peru |
| Region | Puerto Elvira |
| Ethnicity | Aiwa |
| Extinct | mid-20th century |
Tequiraca–Canichana?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ash |
| Glottolog | abis1238 |
| ELP | Tequiraca |
The little data available show it to not be closely related to other languages, though a distant connection to Canichana was proposed by Kaufman (1994).
Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Taushiro, likely as a result of prehistoric contact within the circum-Marañón interaction sphere.[6]
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Bilabial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal/ Postalveolar |
Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | Voiceless | p | t | k | q | |
| Ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ||
| Affricate | t͡ʃ | |||||
| Fricative | s | x | ||||
| Approximant | Central | v | j | w | ||
| Lateral | l | ʎ | ||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
Vowels
edit| A | I | U | O | E | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | /a/ | /i/ | /u/ | /o/ | /ɛ/, /e/ |
| long | /aː/ | /i:/ | /u:/ | /o:/ | /ɛː/, /eː/ |
[:] is the verbalizer[clarification needed]
Vocabulary
editMichael & Beier (2012)
editAiwa lexical items listed in Michael & Beier (2012):[8]
gloss Aiwa (aˈʔɨwa) (my) husband (kun) aˈʃap (my) head (kun) ˈhuti (my) brother (kun) auˈʃaʔ (my) knee (kun) kuˈpɨnu 1st person pronoun kun 2nd person pronoun kin 3rd person pronoun, demonstrative jan agouti aʃˈpali alone, single iˈʃam approach jaˈsik autonym aˈʔɨwa ayahuasca lukˈʔãk barbasco (fish poison) maˈlahi basket ˈhaʔu bathe! haɾ kin tsuk big tuˈkut big head hutuˈluk big-bellied person aˈɾuh tʃuˈluk bird sp. (woodpecker) isaˈɾawi bird sp. (paujil) wiˈkoɾõ bird sp. (partridge) hũʔˈʃũlũ bird sp. (pucacunga) ɾoˈʔele bird sp. (vaca muchacho) kʷãˈʔũli blue and yellow macaw alkahˈneke breast aˈkiʃ caiman amˈhala canoe aˈtɾewa capuchin monkey sp. ɾũtɾũˈkʲãwã capuchin monkey sp. waˈnaha cat sp. (tigrillo) hũhũkũˈpãʔ cleared path tasˈʔãʔĩ clothing kuhˈpaw coati ʃakˈɾaɾa come! ˈsikʷas cooking fire asˈkʷãwa corn suˈkala cotton nuiˈnui deer atɾiˈwaʔa earth ahulˈtaʔ eat! iˈtakʷas eye jaˈtuk firewood wiɾuˈkawa garden tahaˈɾũʔũ give ɨˈwɨt have sex hiˈtʃinuas here ˈhiɾwas hit ˈpɨwas I am bathing kun inˈtsukwas jaguar miˈala leaf iˈɾapi little woman aslantaˈnia little, a little bit iˈʃikta masato, yuca beer nutˈnɨt monk saki monkey sp. kʷɨˈɾiɾi mosquito wiˈʃala no ˈtʃahtaɾ non-indigenous person ˈpaɾi penis jatˈhaka pepper aˈlaha potato variety jaunaˈhi red macaw milahˈneke see uˈkaik snake auˈʔek squirrel monkey siˈaʔa stingray sp. hamˈham stingray sp. makɾaˈlasi sugar cane raiwãˈʔãk sun, moon, God akɾeˈwak tamarin monkey aslʲaˈʔãũ tapir ˈsahi tree ˈau white-lipped peccary ɾaˈkãʔõ ? niˈkʲaw
Table comparing Aiwa (Tequiraca) with Waorani, Iquito, and Maijiki (mã́ḯhˈkì; Orejón) from Michael & Beier (2012):[8]
gloss Aiwa (aˈʔɨwa) Waorani Iquito Maijiki (mã́ḯhˈkì) white-lipped peccary ɾaˈkãʔõ ˈɨɾæ̃ anitáaki bɨ́ɾɨ́ tapir ˈsahi ˈtitæ pɨsɨ́kɨ békɨ́ collared peccary iˈhaɾa ˈãmũ kaáʃi káókwã̀ deer atɾiˈwaʔ koˈwãnʲɪ ʃikʲáaha nʲámà, bósá red macaw milahˈneke ˈæ̃wæ̃ anápa má mosquito wiˈʃala ˈgʲijɪ anaáʃi mɨ́tè (my) mother (kun) ˈama ˈbaɾã áni, (ki) niatíha (jì) hàkò, bɨ́ákò (my) father (kun) ha ˈmæ̃mpo ákɨ, (ki) kakɨ́ha (jì) hàkɨ̀, bɨ́ákɨ̀ person, compatriot aˈʔɨwa waɨɤˈɾãni árata ɨyáana mã́ĩ́ (my) husband (kun) aˈʃap nãnɨˈɡæ̃ŋã ahaáha, (ki) níjaaka (jì) ɨ̃́hɨ̃́ head ˈhuti ɨˈkabu ánaka tʃṍbɨ̀ ear ʃuˈɾala ɨ̃nɨ̃ˈmɨ̃ŋka túuku ɡã́hòɾò breast aˈkiʃ ɤɨˈɨ̃mæ̃ ʃipɨɨ́ha óhéjò pepper (hot or sweet) aˈlaha ˈɡʲĩmũ napɨ́ki bíà cotton nuiˈnui ˈdajɨ̃ sɨ́wɨ jɨ́í leaf iˈɾapi ɨ̃ˈnʲabu, ɨdʲɨ̃ iímɨ, naámɨ hàò plantain aˈlaʔa pæ̃ˈæ̃næ̃ samúkʷaati ò corn suˈkala kaˈɤĩŋɨ̃ siíkiraha béà cooking fire asˈkʷãwa ˈɡɨ̃ŋa iinámi tóà canoe aˈtɾewa ˈwipu iímina jóù house atˈku, atˈkua ˈɨ̃ŋkɨ̃ íita wè firewood wiɾuˈkawa tɪ̃ˈnɪ̃wæ̃ háraki héká yuca or corn beer nutˈnɨt ˈtɪpæ̃ itíniiha gónó stone nuˈklahi ˈdika sawíha ɨ́nò, ɡɨ́nò sun akreˈwak ˈnæ̃ŋkɪ nunamíja mã́ĩ̀ small iˈʃikta ˈɡʲiijã sɨsanuríka jàɾì what? iˈkiɾi kʲĩnɨ̃ saáka ɨ̃́ɡè where? ˈnahɾi æjɨ̃ˈmɨ̃nɨ̃ tɨɨ́ti káɾó no ˈtʃahtar ˈwĩĩ kaa -mà come! sik, ˈsikʷas ˈpũɪ aníma dáímà
Loukotka (1968)
editLoukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Auishiri.[3]
gloss Auishiri one ismáwa two kismáõ head a-waréke eye o-toroã woman aslané fire yaháong sun akroák maize sukála house atkúa white sukeé
Sources
edit- Hammarström, Harald. 2010. "The status of the least documented language families in the world". In Language Documentation & Conservation, v. 4, p. 183. [1]
- Fabre, Alain. 2005. Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: AWSHIRI.
- Michael, Lev; Beier, Christine. (2012). Phonological sketch and classification of Aewa. (Manuscript).
- Earlier lexical sources
- Tessmann, Günter. 1930. Die Indianer Nordost-Perus: Grundlegende Forschungen für eine Systematische Kulturkunde. Hamburg: Friederichsen, De Gruyter & Co. (112 lexical items)
- Espinoza, Lucas. 1955. Contribuciones lingüísticas y etnográficas sobre algunos pueblos indígenas del Amazonas peruano. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Bernardino de Sahagún. (17 lexical items)
- Villarejo, Avencio. 1959. La selva y el hombre. Editorial Ausonia. (93 lexical items)
References
edit- ^ Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009). Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced. McFarland. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7864-5169-2.
- ^ Alternate spellings include Abigira, Abijira, Abira, Awishiri, Abixira[1] Avishiri, Auishiri, Agouisiri, Avirxiri, Abiquira.
- ^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ "Cabeceras Aid Project Winter 2010 Update". Retrieved 14 April 2013.
- ^ Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-041940-5.
- ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
- ^ Cole, Peter; Hermon, Gabriella; Martin, Mario Daniel (1994). Language in the Andes. United States of America: Latin American Studies. pp. 301–317.
- ^ a b Michael, Lev and Christine Beier. 2012. Phonological sketch and classification of Aʔɨwa [ISO 639: ash]. Paper presented at the 2012 Winter meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA), Portland, OR, January 6, 2012.