The temperance movement has been active in Australia. As with the movement internationally, in Australia it has sought to curb the drinking of alcohol. The temperance movement had some success in the early twentieth century, although from the Second World War its influence declined. Nevertheless, temperance organisations remain active today.[1]
History
editIn Australia, the temperance movement began in the mid-1830s, promoting moderation rather than abstinence. The Independent Order of Rechabites has been active in promoting temperance in Australia from the 1870s to the present-day; the Band of Hope was also very active in many states, and in Sydney, the Australian Home Companion and Band of Hope Journal was published between 1856 and 1861.
In the 1880s, a significant number of hotels around the country were built as or converted to coffee palaces, where no alcohol would be served. With the waning of the influence of the temperance movement, most of these hotels either applied for liquor licenses or were demolished.[citation needed]
In the mid-1880s the US-based Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), a more successful abstinence-oriented movement, set up a branch in Australia.[2] The inaugural President of the federated Australasian Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was Jessie Ackermann, who visited the country in 1889, 1891 and 1894. However, the movement failed to bring about prohibition, as happened in the United States, despite a long campaign for a local option. Both the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the Rechabites achieved a major success during the First World War when they were successful in bringing in mandatory closure of hotel bars and public houses at 6 pm, from the previous norm of 11 or 11.30 pm.[3]
The first state to introduce early closing was South Australia in 1916 as a war austerity measure. New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania followed in the same year, as did New Zealand in 1917. Western Australia adopted a 9pm closing time, but Queensland retained the old closing times until it introduced eight o'clock closing in 1923.[3] Alcohol was originally banned in Canberra but was made legal again following a plebiscite in 1928.[4][5] Jessie Mary Lloyd was the WCTU President in Victoria in 1930 when a poll of the state returned 43% in favour of a ban on alcohol.[6]
Six o'clock closing was considered a failure as it did not curb alcohol consumption and led to the notorious six o'clock swill where customers would rush to drinking establishments after work and consume alcohol heavily and rapidly in anticipation of the 6 o'clock closing.[3] Early hotel closing times began being wound back from the 1930s, with the last Australian state, South Australia, doing so in 1967.
In contemporary society
editA legacy of the temperance movement is Melbourne's “dry areas” where residents must vote to approve liquor licences in the area. These areas are a small pocket of about a dozen suburbs in the eastern suburbs, which are subject to such severe restrictions on the issuing of liquor licences that they are without any pubs and have a limited number of other licensed venues. In the 1920s, local opinion polls were taken and residents of these areas voted for the creation of a dry area.[7]
Today, organisations such as the Independent Order of Rechabites and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union continue to promote the cause of temperance, specifically focussing on "preventing the extension of hotel opening hours and the increase of licences" as well as promoting "public education and the health and social effects of alcohol".[1] Newer groups, such as the Foundation for Alcohol Research & Education (founded in 2001), have arisen and have launched campaigns such as one to ban alcohol advertising at sporting events.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Blocker, Jack S.; Fahey, David M.; Tyrrell, Ian R. (2003). Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 676. ISBN 9781576078334.
- ^ Tyrrell, Ian. "Ackermann, Jessie A. (1857–1951)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- ^ a b c Phillips, Walter (1980). "'Six o'clock swill': the introduction of early closing of hotel bars in Australia". Historical Studies. 19 (75): 250–266. doi:10.1080/10314618008595637.
- ^ "National Capital Authority". 29 January 2019.
- ^ "Ditty details end of drink drought". 5 August 2012.
- ^ Blainey, Anna E., "Jessie Mary Lloyd (1883–1960)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 27 November 2023
- ^ Crikey.com.au 16 February 2011
- ^ "#boozefreesport - Stop serving alcohol ads in sport" (PDF). YouGov. 23 January 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
Further reading
edit- Hyslop, Anthea. (1976) "Temperance, Christianity and feminism: The woman's Christian temperance union of Victoria, 1887–97." Historical studies 17.66 (1976): 27-49. online
- Tyrrell, Ian. (1983) "International Aspects of the Woman's Temperance Movement in Australia: The Influence of the American WCTU, 1882–1914." Journal of Religious History 12.3 (1983): 284-304.