Task Force 71 (TF-71) has been a naval task force of the United States Navy, active since the 1940s. The Task Force also used to fulfill the function of Command and Coordination Force, Seventh Fleet.[1] The Seventh Fleet Command Ship is USS Blue Ridge, based at U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka, Yokosuka, Japan. In 2004, Blue Ridge entered dry dock and the responsibility was transferred temporarily to USS Coronado. Blue Ridge returned to duty 27 September 2004.
World War II and after
editTask Force 71 was based in Fremantle, Western Australia in 1941–42, operating submarines under Rear Admiral Charles A. Lockwood. He was relieved by Rear Admiral Ralph W. Christie on 7 March 1943.[2]
Soon after the war, Task Force 71 was designated as the North China Force. Its mission was to support the US occupation of southern Korea.[3][4] This included executing various show-the-flag operations along the western coast of Korea as well as in the Bohai Sea. These naval demonstrations preceded Operation Campus, the amphibious landing of U.S. Army ground forces at Incheon, Korea, on 8 September 1945.[5][6] USS Alaska and USS Guam both served with the task force. Subsequently, both returned to the United States in mid-December 1945, ahead of being decommissioned.[7][8]
During the first half of 1965, the Seventh Fleet operationally controlled the Vietnam Patrol Force (Task Force 71), the American component of the Operation Market Time effort.[9] The Naval Advisory Group, headquartered in Saigon, served as the liaison between the fleet, Commander U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, and the South Vietnamese Navy. On 31 July 1965, formal control of the U.S. Operation Market Time force passed from the Seventh Fleet to the Naval Advisory Group, which in turn activated the Coastal Surveillance Force (Task Force 115). The fleet continued to provide logistic and administrative support. The command function was further refined on 1 April 1966 when Naval Forces, Vietnam, was established, relieving the Naval Advisory Group of responsibility for Market Time operations.
Korean DMZ Crisis
editAlso referred to as a Second Korean War, the Korean DMZ Conflict was a series of low-level armed clashes between North Korean forces and the forces of South Korea and the United States, largely occurring between 1966 and 1969 at the Korean DMZ.[10] The number of incidents along the DMZ jumped from 37 in 1966 to 435 in 1967, with a combined 1967 total of 371 fatalities involving North Korea, South Korea, and United Nations forces while there were no fatalities in 1966 (see chart). Also, during 1967, there were two sabotage attempts to disrupt South Korea railroad operations, the first such attempts since the Korean War. Additionally, in 1967, a South Korean patrol vessel was sunk by North Korea shore batteries over a fishing dispute, with thirty-nine of the 79-man crew killed.[11] Finally, in the most overt incident to date, North Korean commandos from Unit 124 unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate the South Korea president Park Chung Hee at the presidential residence Blue House in Seoul, South Korea, on 21 January 1968.[12][13]
1968 Pueblo incident
editTask Force 71 was the centerpiece for Operation Formation Star, the code name for the emergency re-deployment of U.S. Seventh Fleet warships to the Sea of Japan off the eastern coast of North Korea following that country's seizure of USS Pueblo (AGER-2) in international waters on 23 January 1968. Effective 25 January 1968, in conjunction with Operation Combat Fox, Operation Formation Star was initiated. Taken together, both operations represented a major surge deployment of U.S. naval and air forces into the Sea of Japan region off the eastern coast of North Korea, the largest since the end of the Korean War.[14] Although not directly unrelated to Operation Formation Star, the Republic of Korea Navy also dispatched nineteen ships and two fast patrol boats to sixteen patrol zones around South Korea.[15]> Concurrently with Operation Formation Star and Operation Combat Fox, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed Executive Order 11392 ordering certain units of the Ready Reserve of the Naval Reserve, Air Force Reserve, and Air National Guard of the United States to active duty.[16] For the U.S. Naval Reserve, this call-up involved six naval air squadrons and two Seabee construction battalions for a total of 1621 naval reservists activated.[17] Taken together, as noted by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, the purpose of this build-up/call-up was to provide a "measured show of force" in support of the diplomatic effort to resolve the Pueblo crisis peacefully.[18]
Task Force 71, 1968
edit1969 North Korean EC-121 shootdown
edit
The US responded to the 1969 EC-121 shootdown incident by activating Task Force 71 to protect future flights over international waters neighbouring North Korea. Initially, the Task Force comprised the aircraft carriers Enterprise, Ticonderoga, Ranger, and Hornet with a screen of cruisers and destroyers that also included the battleship New Jersey. The ships for TF-71 came mostly from Southeast Asia duty. This deployment became one of the largest shows of force in the area since the Korean War.[19]
Following the attack, some, including Representative Mendel Rivers responded to the attack by calling for retaliation against North Korea.[20] On 16 April, the United States National Security Council considered the following options:[21]
- Show of force using naval and air forces
- Resumption of EC-121 missions with escorts
- "Select military combat actions" such as:
- Destruction of a North Korean aircraft over water
- Selected air strikes against a military target
- Shore bombardment of military targets
- Ground raids across the Demilitarized Zone
- Attack on military targets near the Demilitarized Zone by artillery or missile fire
- Attacks on North Korean naval vessels by U.S. submarines
- Blockade
- Mining/threatening to mine North Korean waters
- Seizure of North Korean assets abroad
In addition to the NSC's ideas, the Joint Chiefs of Staff prepared several plans to bomb the airfield at Sondok and Wonsan. If all went according to plan, bombers would attack the airfields under cover of night.[21] CINCPAC proposed the positioning of ships, with missiles capable of taking down planes, in the Sea of Japan with orders to destroy North Korean aircraft, impound other North Korean vessels venturing into international waters (fishing boats, etc.), and fire onto the shore (especially near Wonsan).[21]
In the end, no action was taken against the North Koreans in the days following the attack. The new Nixon administration had little to no information about the location and availability of both U.S. and North Korean forces, as the administration had difficulty communicating with those in the Pacific. By the time this information was communicated to the planners, it was too late to react.[21] Both Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger were ashamed at the outcome of the event, with Kissinger revealing that "our conduct in the EC-121 crisis as weak, indecisive and disorganized."[21] Once it became clear that no action would be taken against the North Koreans, Nixon promised that "they'll [North Koreans] never get away with it again," and ordered a "resumption of aerial reconnaissance flights."[21]
Task Force 71, 1969
edit| Carrier Groups | Screening Force | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Command | Aircraft Carriers | Carrier Air Wing | Battleships / Cruisers | DLG / DDG | Destroyers | Destroyers | Destroyer Escorts |
| Carrier Division 7 | USS Enterprise (CVAN-65) | Carrier Air Wing 9 | USS New Jersey (BB-62) | USS Sterett (DLG-31) | USS Richard B. Anderson (DD-786) | USS Ernest G. Small (DD-838) | USS Davidson (DE-1045) |
| Carrier Division 3 | USS Ranger (CVA-61) | Carrier Air Wing 2 | USS Chicago (CG-11) | USS Dale (DLG-19) | USS Meredith (DD-890) | USS Gurke (DD-783) | —— |
| Carrier Division 9 | USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) | Carrier Air Wing 16 | USS Oklahoma City (CLG-5) | USS Mahan (DLG-11) | USS Henry W. Tucker (DD-875) | USS Lyman K. Swenson (DD-729) | —— |
| ASW Group 5 | USS Hornet (CVS-12) | ASW Air Group 57 | USS Saint Paul (CA-73) | USS Parsons (DDG-33) | USS Perry (DD-844) | USS John W. Weeks (DD-701) | —— |
| —— | —— | —— | —— | USS Lynde McCormick (DDG-8) | USS Shelton (DD-790) | USS Radford (DD-446) | —— |
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KAL 007 shootdown
editTask Force 71 operated the Search and Rescue/Salvage Operations for Korean Air Lines Flight 007 shot down by the Soviets off Sakhalin Island on 1 September 1983. On the day of the shootdown, Rear Admiral William A. Cockell, Commander, Task Force 71, and a skeleton staff, taken by helicopter from Japan, embarked in USS Badger (FF-1071), which had been stationed off Vladivostok at time of the flight.[22] Cockell was transferred again on 9 September to the destroyer USS Elliot to assume duties as Officer in Tactical Command (OTC) of the Search and Rescue (SAR) effort. Surface search began immediately and on into the 13-day of September. U.S. underwater operations began on 14 September. With no further hope of finding survivors, on 10 September 1983, the Task Force's mission had been reclassified "Search and Salvage" operation from a "Search and Rescue". On 17 October 1983, Rear Admiral William Cockell was relieved of command of the Task Force and its Search and Salvage mission, and Rear Admiral Walter T. Piotti, Jr., was placed in command.
There were three U.S. search and salvage ships involved—the Coast Guard cutter USCGC Douglas Munro, the rescue salvage ship USS Conserver, and the Fleet Tug USNS Narragansett. There were also three Japanese tugs chartered through the U.S. Navy's Far East Salvage Contractor (Selco), these were the Ocean Bull, the Kaiko-Maru 7, and the Kaiko-Maru 3.[23] Aside from these vessels, there were the U.S. naval combatants and logistical support ships. These were USS Elliot, USS Badger, USS Sterett, USNS Hassayampa, USS Callaghan, USS Brooke, USS Meyerkord, USS Towers, USS Stark and USS Wichita. In addition to the above ships, there were numerous Japanese Maritime Safety Agency patrol boats and South Korean vessels involved.
Recent activities
editIn 2021 Task Force 71 was reactivated as the Theater Surface Warfare Commander (TSUWC) for the Western Pacific to formalize the command and control of assigned naval surface forces within the U.S. 7th Fleet area of operations. CTF 71 also serves as the sea combat commander for the Forward Deployed Naval Forces-Japan Carrier Strike Group and maritime interdiction operations commander.[24]
“We have integrated the Surface Task Force (TF 71) into the 7th Fleet combat scheme of maneuver, theater security cooperation events, and crisis response efforts,” said Vice Adm. Bill Merz, commander, U.S. 7th Fleet. “This was a natural organizational adjustment that reflects the increasing pace of operations throughout the region and is similar in structure to other numbered fleets. We've already enjoyed considerable and measurable improvements in combat readiness, task assignment, and overall mission effectiveness.”[24]
As of 2023[update] the command and control of Task Force 71 is assigned to Destroyer Squadron 15 and consists of the nine US Guided Missile Destroyers forward deployed to Japan, independent Cruiser and Destroyer deployments to Seventh Fleet, Title 10 deployments of U.S. Coast Guard Cutters, and a number of Allied and partner navy surface combatant contributions to coalition operations throughout the Western Pacific.[25]
References
edit- ^ Polmar, Norman (2005). Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet (18th ed.). Naval Institute Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-59114-685-8.
- ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (1947–1962). History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. VI: Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, 22 July 1942 – 1 May 1944. Little, Brown and Company. p. 68.
- ^ Marolda, Edward J. (October 2011). "Asian Warm-up to the Cold War". Naval History. 25 (5). United States Naval Institute: 27–28. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
- ^ Jeffrey G., Barlow (2009). From Hot War to Cold: The U.S. Navy and National Security Affairs, 1945–1955. Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8047-5666-2. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Hereafter referred to as: Bartow. From Hot War to Cold.
- ^ Bartow. From Hot War to Cold, pp. 129–130.
- ^ "Report of Surrender and Occupation of Japan dated 9 May 1946" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
Part III – The Surrender and Occupation of Korea, p. 111
- ^ "Alaska". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
- ^ "Guam". DANFS. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
- ^ Marolda, Edward J. (8 November 1997). "By Sea, Air, and Land". Naval History & Heritage Command. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
- ^ Mitchell Lerner (December 2010). ""Mostly Propaganda in Nature:" Kim Il Sung, the Juche Ideology, and the Second Korean War" (PDF). The North Korea International Documentation Project. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Mobley. Flash Point North Korea, P. 14.
- ^ Bolger, Daniel P. (1991). Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low intensity conflict in Korea 1966–1969. Leavenworth Papers #19. p. Chapter 3 The Moment of Crisis. ISBN 978-0-7881-1208-9.
Hereafter referred to as: Bolger. Scenes from an Unfinished War.
- ^ Cheevers, Jack (2013). Act of War: Lyndon Johnson, North Korea, and the Capture of the Spy Ship Pueblo. New York City: NAL Caliber. pp. 3–4, 10, 31, 309. ISBN 978-0-451-46620-4. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
Hereafter referred to as: Cheevers. Act of War
- ^ Mobley, Richard (Spring 2001). "Pueblo: A Retrospective". Naval War College Review. 54 (2). Naval War College: 99, 111. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
Hereafter referred to as: Mobley. "Pueblo: A Retrospective"
- ^ Mobley, Richard A. Flash Point North Korea: The Pueblo and EC-121 Crises. p. 78.
Hereafter referred to as: Mobley. Flash Point North Korea.
- ^ "Executive Orders Disposition Tables". Lyndon B. Johnson - 1968. National Archives and Records Administration. 25 January 1968. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
33 FR 951; January 26, 1968
- ^ Kapp, Lawrence (14 August 2000). "Involuntary Reserve Activations for U.S. Military Operations Since World War II". Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. pp. 9–10. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
- ^ Mobley. Flash Point North Korea, p. 53.
- ^ Bolger, Daniel (1991). Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low intensity conflict in Korea 1966–1969. Diane Publishing Co. p. Chapter 4. ISBN 978-0-7881-1208-9.
- ^ Dorr, Robert F. (2003). "N. Korean shootdown of EC-121 killed 30 sailors, one marine". Navy Times. Gannett Co., Inc. ProQuest 909166087.
- ^ a b c d e f Mobley, Richard A. (2001). "EC-121 down!". Proceedings. United States Naval Institute. ProQuest 206000152.
- ^ Johnson, R.W. (1985). Shootdown: Flight 007 and the American Connection. New York: Viking. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-670-81209-7.
- ^ Pearson, David (1987). KAL 007: the Cover-up. New York: Summit Books. pp. 237, 239. ISBN 978-0-671-55716-4.
- ^ a b "CTF 71 Establishment Enhances Readiness in 7th Fleet". United States Navy. 2 June 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Commander, Naval Surface Forces U.S. Pacific Fleet, https://www.surfpac.navy.mil/Ships/Destroyer-Squadron-DESRON-15/About/
