Talk:Last surviving United States war veterans

Latest comment: 1 year ago by Jengod in topic Last Civil War Colored Troops

Samuel Downing

edit

The link for Samuel Downing is incorrect (it leads to someone else). I don't know how to fix it, otherwise I would. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.194.145.201 (talk) 12:34, 20 October 2012 (UTC)Reply

Hiram Cronk

edit

The death date given for Hiram Cronk on this page doesn't match the one on his own page. Does anyone know which is right? FZ 15:56, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I saw recently that there are only around 30 surviving WWI vets. Can someone get their names and list them here? --Rogerd June 28, 2005 16:25 (UTC)

Try this:

edit

It lists all surviving WWI veterans grouped by country.

http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Surviving_Veterans_of_the_First_World_War

JMD4LSU 21:12, 2 December 2005 (UTC)Reply

Indian Wars

   * Fredrak Fraske (c.1872-1973)

maybe someone go research that or something.

Census Matches

edit

Census matches can be found at www.ancestry.com. Discussion of cases can be found at several sites, including the World's Oldest People Yahoo Webgroup.→ R Young {yakłtalk} 11:31, 16 September 2006 (UTC)Reply

William J Bush

edit

In fact, however, Bush did add years to his age, and apparently for the very purpose of filing a false claim. In 1880 he gave his age as 30, suggesting a birthdate of 1850 and an age of 14 or 15 when the Civil War ended. Had he really been born in 1844 or 1846 it would have been very difficult for him to escape conscription long enough to serve in the obscure, last-ditch militia organization that he claimed to have fought fought with; such local units were the favorite choices of late Confederate impostors, since there were usually no surviving records to disprove their claims.

(unsigned edit)

In fact, however, census years often vary. For one, your interpretation is INCORRECT. Confederate pensions were not offered until the 1930's, so if Bush added years to his age, the motivation was not for 'filing a false claim.' Second, the name William Bush is fairly common and how do we know the alleged census listing you found is the correct one. Third, Albert Woolson was really born in 1850, so that does not prove someone is/was too young to serve. Perhaps you'd like to present evidence on the 'talk' page (i.e. here) before making such insinuations.→ R Young {yakłtalk} 21:19, 30 September 2006 (UTC)Reply

Circa vs. ?

edit

"Circa" means 'about' and should only be used with those cases where the birthdate is a 'best guess.'  ? means the age claimed is called into question, and is the more appropriate marker, at least for the more controversial cases like Salling and Lundy.→ R Young {yakłtalk} 01:38, 21 November 2006 (UTC)Reply

Last surviving veteran

edit

Last surviving veteran relinks here, which I find quite odd, as I don't believe this site to be for Americans, but for English speaking people, and not just first language. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.233.248.218 (talk) 09:44, 6 December 2006 (UTC).Reply

Are there any survivors of the Mexican Incursion against Pancho Villa (1916-7)? If not, when did the last veteran of this conflict die?Fmlondon 21:18, 11 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

John Redhawk born January 12, 1898 died January 16, 2014 age 116 years and 4 days. He is the last known war veteran of the Mexican Incursion. He was an Indian scout with the U.S. Calvary.

Got a source for that? Czolgolz (talk) 12:49, 14 October 2015 (UTC)Reply

Are there any survivors of the Russian Invasion of 1918-20)? I know there were two or three branches of this expedition, and that the last "Polar Bear" veteran died in 2003, but of the other contingent(s), are there any survivors? If not, when did the last one die?Fmlondon 21:18, 11 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

I note we need something on Charlie Smith (or at least his claims) as the last surviving veteran of the US Civl War at age of some 130 years in the 1970s. -- Infrogmation 02:30, 23 December 2006 (UTC)Reply

Why are the examples limited to wars within the Americas? The title makes no such limitation, and would include Vietnam, Iraq, etc.

Are the Oldest-Old or Final Few notable?

edit

Greetings, User Brown-Haired Girl has waged a campaign to wipe out the entire 'supercentenarians' field on Wikipedia. This has included:

http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2007_November_1#Category:Supercentenarian_trackers

http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Robert_Young_%28longevity_claims_researcher%29

http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Louis_Epstein_%28supercentenarian_tracker%29

And, even, a man dead over 100 years:

http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/William_Thoms

I find it incredulous that one would attack even the man who invented the term 'folklore' and started the field of 'supercentenarian tracking.'

Such mass hysteria seems to be working. User BHG is one of the top-10 editors by edit count on Wikipedia and has lots of friends. I can't imagine most WWI veteran articles surviving if this trend continues. I do urge everyone who considers tracking the oldest-old, whether WWI vets or no, to chime in on these debates.

Sincerely, Robert Young Ryoung122 16:42, 9 November 2007 (UTC) Ryoung122 16:44, 9 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

National Geographic article

edit

As a kid, back in the 1970s, I saw a National Geographic article entitled "The Last of Washington's Army" or some such. It had a few photos of the old men who were the last known (at that time of research) vets of the Revolutionary War. Anybody else seen it?? They guys would have been drummer boys I assume. ALso, fwiw, I'm thinking Gray is in fact the last documentable vet...Engr105th (talk) 08:32, 14 January 2008 (UTC)Reply

Mackenzie-Papineau vets from the Spanish Civil War

edit

Why is a member of the Mac-Paps listed? They were officially designated as a Canadian contingent, was the volunteer himself an American citizen? It was common for volunteers to join the batallions and brigades of other countries (many members of the Lincoln Brigade for example were from other countries, incl. Canada the same was true with the Mac-Paps). I was just curious. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.241.55.244 (talk) 02:00, 18 November 2009 (UTC)Reply

If you took the time to read the source given, it would say so. Also he is an American, thus why he is listed here & helping with the Mac-Paps. That-Vela-Fella (talk) 21:40, 20 November 2009 (UTC)Reply

Union vet

edit

Israel A. Broadsword died on July 25, 1952 according to here http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3468301977.html. It says that he was one of the last four living Union veterans living. Can we add him? --Nick Ornstein (talk) 01:25, 15 February 2010 (UTC)Reply

Polar Bear Expedition?

edit

Is this section a joke? Added by an anon IP on August 20. No sources. HiLo48 (talk) 04:10, 5 September 2010 (UTC)Reply

Three weeks. No answer. It's gone. HiLo48 (talk) 05:14, 27 September 2010 (UTC)Reply

Merger proposal

edit
The following is a closed discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no merge. User:NickOrnstein removed the merge tag off the article, so presumably the discussion is now closed. Skeezix1000 (talk) 14:02, 26 November 2010 (UTC)Reply

The article List of last surviving Canadian war veterans should be merged with Last surviving United States war veterans so that future articles related to this content don't choose to make a surviving veteran list titled by a country. In other words, we don't need to have 'last surviving veterans per country' articles. It would make more sense to rename the article to "Last North American veterans by war". Similar to Last European veterans by war - choosing a continent rather than a country. There are 7 continents as opposed to over 200 countries. So for future purposes, for example, if there are a few survivors known in particular battles in Africa, they can be all together, rather than for example "List of last Zimbabwean war veterans". By keeping a continent, it will include more veterans and battles - more of a variety. --Nick Ornstein (talk) 22:56, 19 October 2010 (UTC)Reply

  • I guess I'm not sure what the problem is with having separate lists for separate countries. We have many country lists on Wikipedia, and they don't present any problems. If it can meet the requirements of WP:V and WP:OR, I don't see why "List of last Zimbabwean war veterans" would be a horrible thing. We should be merging articles and lists because it makes sense to do so in the context of those particular articles and lists, in light of applicable Wikipedia policies and guidelines, not as a proactive measure to discourage other articles and lists. Given that Canada's military history probably has more in common with Britain's than that of the United States, and doesn't have that much in common with Mexico's whatsover, the proposed merger sounds like a solution in search of a problem. I'm open to being persuaded, but it doesn't sound like the merge is necessary.--Skeezix1000 (talk) 00:13, 8 November 2010 (UTC)Reply
We already have "Last European war veterans", it already contains all countries, why not the same for North American veterans? A lot of countries don't go well in Last Euro vets per war, probably in your personal opinion, but it is better mergin. Due to there being less little articles, and more big.
With the templates, it is not like all of the countries are all in one template. We have to be conservative with the number of "Longevity" template. Imagine, for example, in 2 years there are 30 articles by country. It would be very tight fitting all of these articles on the "Longevity" template. It looks more superior by continent, having (if possible) 6 articles (representing continents excluding Antarctica) as opposed to tons and tons of surviving veterans by country. --Nick Ornstein (talk) 21:55, 8 November 2010 (UTC)Reply
If the mere fact that there is one list for Europe is the most compelling argument for the proposed merge, i.e. OTHERSTUFFEXISTS-type reasoning, then I'm not particularly convinced this merge makes a lot of sense.

As for the template, if other lists materialize, and if the longevity template becomes too big, they'll create a separate template for war veterans. Easily done. It happens all the time. In any event, templates exist to serve articles and lists, not the other way around.

For these reasons, I've come around to Oppose. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 18:25, 10 November 2010 (UTC)Reply

  • Comment I don't think the US page should have been renamed. If this is a merger, the US page should have remained where it was, and a new page with new history started at the North America title. As is, the history of this page will now show a distinct break in topic. 76.66.203.138 (talk) 07:17, 9 November 2010 (UTC)Reply
I've moved the list back to its original United States title. To be fair to Nick, he moved it before anyone here commented in opposition to the merge. However, no aspect of the merge should be implemented until there is consensus here in favour of the proposed merge. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 18:25, 10 November 2010 (UTC)Reply
Just wondering but you didnt revert the other changes he did to the article did you. He made a bunch of other noncententious improvement that I think shoudl stay. --Kumioko (talk) 18:27, 10 November 2010 (UTC)Reply
No, just removed the Canadian entries, which can easily be restored verbatim should there be consensus in favour of the merge. Any other changes he made are still there. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 18:57, 10 November 2010 (UTC)Reply
  • Oppose - I think we need to leave this as United States for a couple reasons. First I think there are more than enough people in them to have their own standalone lists. If there were only a couple in each I would agree but there arent. Second, with the Euopean union having a European lists is much the same as the states falling into the United States. Third is you intention to add Mexico into this list as well? I do think that we need to clarify Last surviving though, last surviving is a bit vague. Is i the last one, he last 5, the last 10? From Each war or just in general? --Kumioko (talk) 12:00, 9 November 2010 (UTC)Reply
What did you mean by "Is i the last one, he last 5, the last 10? From Each war or just in general?"? --Nick Ornstein (talk) 00:35, 10 November 2010 (UTC)Reply
Just in general I think that the last means literally the last one. If we are going to list the list 5 then we should say something like that. I just think the title is too vague. --Kumioko (talk) 18:21, 10 November 2010 (UTC)Reply
I presumed that the intent of the proposal is to consolidate into a North American list, not to incorporate Canadian entries into a U.S. list. In fact, as explained above, the proponent had already move the U.S. list to a North American name. --Skeezix1000 (talk) 20:31, 12 November 2010 (UTC)Reply
As such, a move was not necessary but a new article with the merged ones put together and redirects on the original articles. - Pmedema (talk) 01:40, 13 November 2010 (UTC)Reply
Agreed. I think that's been covered, but more clarification for a confusing process is always good.Skeezix1000 (talk) 17:58, 13 November 2010 (UTC)Reply
The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Last North American veterans by war listed at Redirects for discussion

edit

An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Last North American veterans by war. Since you had some involvement with the Last North American veterans by war redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion (if you have not already done so). 76.66.194.212 (talk) 07:00, 26 November 2010 (UTC)Reply

Last Civil War veterans in each state

edit

This is a list that is suppose to be composed the last veterans born in each state in both the Union and Confederacy that I have found. If the current state was a territory at the time of the war, I tried to add the latest death of a service member in one of the area's regiments or who died in that state. There may still be some other veterans that have eluded me so if you have something later than these put it up. I got most of the information from here: http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89062265145;page=root;view=1up;size=100;seq=19;orient=0 . The * next to some veteran's names indicates that they were not born in the state.

Name Birth / Death State/Territory State of birth (*)
Pleasant Crump December 23, 1847 - December 31, 1951 Alabama
Parker Louis Gordon * September 1, 1847 - December 7, 1946 Arizona Illinois
John G. Chisum February 19, 1848 - June 11, 1951 Arkansas
Douglas T. Story * November 24, 1844 - April 22, 1952 California ?
Robert T. Bryan * August 29, 1848 - January 16, 1949 Colorado Illinois
Charles Douglass May 23, 1847 - January 19, 1950 Connecticut
George W. Baker July 29, 1843 - October 18, 1940 Delaware
John M. Kline * July 29, 1847 - September 22, 1944 Washington D.C Pennsylvania
Joseph P. Robbles February 14, 1847 - February 28, 1951 Florida
George W. Grizzle July 6, 1848 - June 6, 1949 Georgia
Israel A. Broadsword * December 23, 1846 - July 25, 1952 Idaho Ohio
Robert T. Bryan August 29, 1848 - January 16, 1949 Illinois
Theodore A. Penland January 23, 1849 - September 13, 1950 Indiana
Gayon G. Kennedy January 15, 1842 - December 19, 1940 Iowa
Charles W. Bailey February 10, 1848 - January 29, 1951 Kansas Wisconsin
Robert T. Barrett November 5, 1846 - Januray 12, 1951 Kentucky
Joseph Clovese January 30, 1844 - July 13, 1951 Louisiana
James M. Lurvey December 2, 1847 - September 17, 1950 Maine
Lewis Fablinger October 11, 1846 - March 14, 1950 Maryland
George Riley November 5, 1849 - October 10, 1947 Massachusetts
Orlando LeValley September 19, 1848 - April 22, 1948 Michigan
Albert Woolson February 11, 1848 - August 2, 1956 Minnesota New York
James A. Thrasher December 22, 1849 - March 14, 1951 Mississippi
James W. Smith July 8, 1842 - March 22, 1951 Missouri
Thomas Bainbridge * June 21, 1846 - April 4, 1940 Montana Kentucky
Michael Bondoll * June 6, 1849 - December 24, 1948 Nebraska Ohio
Abner E. Lasher * June 9, 1845 - September 28, 1935 Nevada New York
Zachary T. McLaughlin November 18, 1848 - November 7, 1947 New Hampshire
William H. Perrine April 14, 1845 - December 11, 1945 New Jersey
William T. Scammahorn * December 16, 1846 - September 12, 1945 New Mexico Ohio
Albert Woolson February 11, 1848 - August 2, 1956 New York
Sam E. Bennett May 4, 1850 - March 8, 1951 North Carolina
Dallas G. Duell * December 12, 1845 - January 21, 1943 North Dakota New York
Israel A. Broadsword December 23, 1846 - July 25, 1952 Ohio
Joshua T. Jones * July 12, 1847 - May 27, 1949 Oklahoma Mississippi
James W. Smith * July 8, 1842 - March 22, 1951 Oregon Missouri
Charles H. Duckworth December 6, 1846 - April 10, 1949 Pennsylvania
John H. Riley June 9, 1841 - May 7, 1943 Rhode Island
Vernon E. Lifrage 1847 - August 3, 1950 South Carolina
Horace W. Simpson * April 5, 1848 - July 20, 1945 South Dakota Illinois
Samuel M. Raney March 14, 1847 - March 15, 1950 Tennessee
Thomas B. Iden February 18, 1847 - January 2, 1950 Texas
Ira Stormes * April 3, 1847 - October 5, 1945 Utah Vermont
Henry A. Horton December 28, 1846 - July 1, 1948 Vermont
John C. Adams August 17, 1847 - February 17, 1949 Virginia
Hiram Gale * November 8, 1846 - March 15, 1951 Washington Vermont
Uriah T. Alley November 18, 1847 - October 26, 1947 West Virginia
Lansing Wilcox March 3, 1846 - September 29, 1951 Wisconsin
Thomas A. Castle * October 8, 1846 - November 25, 1943 Wyoming Pennyslvania

Last WWI veteran from each state

edit

Similar to the Civil war list, this is a list that is comprised of the last WWI veteran born in each state.

Name Birth / Death State State of Birth (*)
Mark Matthews August 7, 1894 - September 6, 2005 Alabama
Bertrand H. Wilbur April 10, 1899 - March 31, 2005 Alaska
Edward B Gamble * November 30, 1899 - August 1, 2003 Arizona ?
William F. Cotton October 23, 1897 - April 23, 2006 Arkansas
Forrest W. Faith October 27, 1897 - November 11, 2004 California
Howard Ramsey April 2, 1898 - February 22, 2007 Colorado
Jesse L. Moffitt March 6, 1897 - February 8, 2004 Connecticut
Thomas P. Johnson April 6, 1896 - April 27, 2004 Delaware
Charlotte Winters November 10, 1897 - March 27, 2007 Washington D.C
Alton H. Wentworth March 8, 1897 - January 21, 2001 Florida
Carley Zell September 1, 1899 - February 26, 2006 Georgia
Frank Steer * January 12, 1901 - March 7, 2006 Hawaii Oklahoma
Dean L. Rager December 22, 1898 - February 20, 2005 Idaho Ohio
Lowell N. Johnson June 17, 1899 - March 10, 2006 Illinois
Paul Elliott February 6, 1899 - January 14, 2005 Indiana
Earl F. Bush July 17, 1893 - January 10, 2005 Iowa
Albert Wagner September 5, 1899 - January 20, 2007 Kansas
Dewey Boyd February 17, 1899 - March 24, 2003 Kentucky
George L. Briant March 3, 1901 - January 31, 2005 Louisiana
Leon P. Davis July 6, 1896 - April 11, 2003 Maine
Charlotte Winters November 10, 1897 - March 27, 2007 Maryland
Russell A. Buchanan January 24, 1900 - December 6, 2006 Massachusetts
Arthur W. Winters March 14, 1898 - August 26, 2001 Michigan
Albert Anderegg August 29, 1900 - August 8, 2006 Minnesota
Moses Hardy January 6, 1893/1894 – December 7, 2006 Mississippi
Frank Buckles February 1, 1901 – February 27, 2011 Missouri
Roy Scow July 18, 1896 - April 11, 2004 Montana
Perry D. Fusselman September 9, 1898 - October 6, 2004 Nebraska
William Brown * August 23, 1894 - October 12, 2003 Nevada Texas
Irving H. Crandall August 6, 1899 - August 11, 2002 New Hampshire
Michael Harrison December 13, 1897 - April 5, 2005 New Jersey
Frank E. Hollar * March 24, 1899 - October 28, 2004 New Mexico California
Howard F. Boice September 8, 1897 - October 7, 2005 New York
Hugh Medford May 14, 1898 - May 4, 2000 North Carolina
Charles Lalond April 26, 1897 - November 14, 2001 North Dakota
Russell Coffey September 1, 1898 – December 20, 2007 Ohio
Frank Steer January 12, 1901 - March 7, 2006 Oklahoma
Wade H. Leroy March 14, 1899 - April 24, 2003 Oregon
Harold Gardner December 3, 1898 – October 16, 2006 Pennsylvania
Hiram Lacroix August 21, 1893 - May 16, 2001 Rhode Island
Stephen Kennedy April 6, 1896 - October 28, 2001 South Carolina
Kenneth Myers April 18, 1896 - November 28, 2005 South Dakota
Henry E. Hoodenpyle February 26, 1894 - July 24, 2003 Tennessee
Daniel T. Roberts November 27, 1895 - November 17, 2004 Texas
Ray L. Alston September 22, 1895 - January 20, 1999 Utah
Rollin F. Grace March 11, 1900 - January 23, 2005 Vermont
Stanley W. Coolbaugh August 11, 1898 - January 21, 2003 Virginia
Charley Gaupp April 10, 1897 - October 17, 2002 Washington
Addison Gable December 21, 1900 - October 27, 2004 West Virginia
Art Fiala February 17, 1899 – November 23, 2005 Wisconsin
Edward A. Swedenborg February 26, 1895 - February 4, 2002 Wyoming

Last Female Civil War Combat veteran .

edit

Jennie Hodgers AKA Albert Cashier was the last known wounded female combat veteran who served with the 95th Illinois Infantry. She was born December 25, 1943 and died October 10, 1915. Her sex was discovered after she was wounded. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:D:A500:2A1:D9A3:E136:21C2:9B97 (talk) 23:17, 15 February 2015 (UTC)Reply

This is completely unsourced/unreferenced and certainly birth/death dates are wrong. Reference(s) required. David J Johnson (talk) 23:31, 15 February 2015 (UTC)Reply
I haven't really looked into who the last female veteran was but almost immediately I found Elizabeth A. Niles (1844 - Sept. 13, 1920)[1] who joined the 4th New Jersey Infantry with her husband. Considering that there were only ~400 female soldiers in the Civil War, this doesn't sound too bad. I also did a quick search on the last of the 3,000-8,000 Civil War Nurses and found Georgia W. Kennedy (1841 - Dec 25, 1943)[2], a former slave who was a nurse in a Confederate Hospital Unit and Alice Cary Farmer (1847 - May 10, 1939)[3], a volunteer nurse for the Union forces occupying New Orleans. Lemunz (talk) 01:34, 16 March 2015 (UTC)Reply
edit

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Last surviving United States war veterans. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

This message was posted before February 2018. After February 2018, "External links modified" talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than regular verification using the archive tool instructions below. Editors have permission to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the RfC before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template {{source check}} (last update: 5 June 2024).

  • If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot, you can report them with this tool.
  • If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with this tool.

Cheers.—InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 01:53, 12 May 2017 (UTC)Reply

edit

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Last surviving United States war veterans. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

This message was posted before February 2018. After February 2018, "External links modified" talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot. No special action is required regarding these talk page notices, other than regular verification using the archive tool instructions below. Editors have permission to delete these "External links modified" talk page sections if they want to de-clutter talk pages, but see the RfC before doing mass systematic removals. This message is updated dynamically through the template {{source check}} (last update: 5 June 2024).

  • If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot, you can report them with this tool.
  • If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with this tool.

Cheers.—InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 15:56, 10 December 2017 (UTC)Reply

Last Civil War Colored Troops

edit

Does anyone have any second sources on last surviving USCT soldiers? Perry Vaughn (see 1947 Wisconsin article) is the oldest I can find so far.

1940 PA[1]

1942 Delmarva[2]

1947 Wisc[3], died 1949 - https://www.newspapers.com/image/520625310/?match=1&article=458d2c8d-a10d-452e-abfd-d7f497e9857c jengod (talk) 21:29, 20 August 2023 (UTC)Reply

References

  1. ^ "Wrightsville G.A.R. Veteran 98 Years Old". The Gazette and Daily. 1940-08-23. p. 8. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
  2. ^ "Last Worcester Civil War Vet Toils at 98 in Victory Garden". The News Journal. 1942-05-28. p. 24. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
  3. ^ "Madison's 3 Surviving Ex-Slaves Total 288 Years". The Capital Times. 1947-08-03. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-10. & "Bondage Years Still Vivid to Ex-Slaves Here". The Capital Times. 1947-08-03. p. 10. Retrieved 2023-08-10.