The Syntermitinae, also known as the mandibulate nasutes, is a Neotropical subfamily of higher termites represented by 21 genera and 103 species.[1][2][3][4] The soldier caste of members of this subfamily have a conspicuous horn-like projection on the head which is adapted for chemical defense, similar to the fontanellar gun of true nasute termites (Nasutitermitinae). However unlike true nasutes, the mandibles of the soldiers are functional and highly developed, and they are unable to expel their chemical weaponry at a distance – instead relying on direct physical contact. Some genera, such as Syntermes or Labiotermes, have a highly reduced nasus and in some species it may appear absent altogether. Although the Syntermitinae were once grouped and considered basal within the Nasutitermitinae, they are not closely related with modern cladistic analyses showing Syntermitinae to be a separate and distinct lineage that is more closely related to either the Amitermes-group or Microcerotermes Termitinae. It is believed the nasus evolved independently in Syntermitinae in an example of convergent evolution.[3][5] Genera range from southern Mexico (Cahuallitermes) to Northern Argentina (Cornitermes, Procornitermes, Rhynchotermes, Syntermes) with the highest diversity occurring in the Brazilian Cerrado.[3]
| Syntermitinae | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Blattodea |
| Infraorder: | Isoptera |
| Family: | Termitidae |
| Subfamily: | Syntermitinae Engel, Michael S.; Krishna, Kumar 2004 |
Identification
editThe frontal-gland aperture of soldiers is at the tip of a large projection (nasus) located in the frontal region of the head and the soldier mandibles have a recognizable molar plate and prominence.[3] The first proctodeal segment (P1) of the gut in workers are similar across all genera, distinguished by a generally inflated and globose shape with diverse ornamentation arrangements specialized to certain feeding strategies.[3][6]
Genera
editReferences
edit- ^ Engel, Michael S.; Krishna, Kumar (2004). "Family-group names for termites (Isoptera). American Museum novitates ; no. 3432". hdl:2246/2797.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "ITIS - Report: Syntermitinae". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
- ^ a b c d e Rocha, Mauricio M.; Castro, Adriana C. Morales-Corrêa e; Cuezzo, Carolina; Cancello, Eliana M. (2017-03-22). "Phylogenetic reconstruction of Syntermitinae (Isoptera, Termitidae) based on morphological and molecular data". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): e0174366. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1274366R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174366. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5362239. PMID 28329010.
- ^ ROCHA, MAURICIO M.; CANCELLO, ELIANA M. (2022-05-19). "Updated taxonomy of Syntermitinae (Blattodea: Isoptera, Termitidae), with the description of three new genera". Zootaxa. 5138 (4): 445–463. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.6. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 36095825. S2CID 248940213.
- ^ Bucek, Ales; Šobotník, Jan; He, Shulin; Shi, Mang; McMahon, Dino P.; Holmes, Edward C.; Roisin, Yves; Lo, Nathan; Bourguignon, Thomas (2019-11-04). "Evolution of Termite Symbiosis Informed by Transcriptome-Based Phylogenies". Current Biology. 29 (21): 3728–3734.e4. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E3728B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.076. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31630948. S2CID 204761014.
- ^ Rocha, Mauricio; Constantini, Joice Paulo (2015-04-03). "Internal ornamentation of the first proctodeal segment of the digestive tube of Syntermitinae (Isoptera, Termitidae)". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 62 (1): 29–44. doi:10.3897/dez.62.8550. ISSN 1860-1324.