Structural fracture mechanics is the field of structural engineering concerned with the study of load-carrying structures that includes one or several failed or damaged components. It uses methods of analytical solid mechanics, structural engineering, safety engineering, probability theory, and catastrophe theory to calculate the load and stress in the structural components and analyze the safety of a damaged structure.
There is a direct analogy between fracture mechanics of solid and structural fracture mechanics:
| Fracture mechanics | Structural fracture mechanics | |
|---|---|---|
| Model | Solid with a crack | Multi-component structure with a failed component |
| Defect driving force | Stress intensity factor | Overload stress |
| System property | Fracture toughness | Reserve ability / Structural robustness |
There are different causes of the first component failure:
- mechanical overload, fatigue (material), unpredicted scenario, etc.
- “human intervention” like unprofessional behavior or a terrorist attack.
There are two typical scenarios:
- A localized failure does NOT cause immediate collapse of the entire structure.
- The entire structure fails immediately after one of its components fails.
If the structure does not collapse immediately there is a limited period of time until the catastrophic structural failure of the entire structure. There is a critical number of structural elements that defines whether the system has reserve ability or not.[citation needed]
Safety engineers use the failure of the first component as an indicator and try to intervene during the given period of time to avoid the catastrophe of the entire structure. For example, “Leak-Before-Break”[1] methodology means that a leak will be discovered prior to a catastrophic failure of the entire piping system occurring in service. It has been applied to pressure vessels, nuclear piping, gas and oil pipelines, etc.
The methods of structural fracture mechanics are used as checking calculations to estimate sensitivity of a structure to its component failure.[citation needed]
The failure of a complex system with parallel redundancy can be estimated based on probabilistic properties of the system elements.
See also
edit- Catastrophic failure – Sudden and total failure from which recovery is impossible
- Catastrophe theory – Area of mathematics
- Fracture mechanics – Study of propagation of cracks in materials
- Nuclear safety and security – Regulations for uses of radioactive materials
- Progressive collapse – Building collapse type
- Safety engineering – Engineering discipline which assures that engineered systems provide acceptable levels of safety
- Structural integrity and failure – Ability of a structure to support a designed structural load without breaking
References
edit- ^ Applicability of the leak before break concept. Report of the IAEA Extrabudgetary Programme on the Safety of WWER-440 Model 230 Nuclear Power Plants, 1993
- ^ Kokcharov I. Failure probability assessment of parallel redundant structures. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, Volume 36, Issue 2, September–October 2001, Pages 109-114