Wikipedia

Stinson L-5 Sentinel

The Stinson L-5 Sentinel is a World War II-era liaison aircraft used by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), U.S. Army Ground Forces, U.S. Marine Corps and the British Royal Air Force. It was produced by the Stinson Division of the Vultee Aircraft Company (Consolidated-Vultee from mid-1943). Along with the Stinson L-1 Vigilant, the L-5 was the only other USAAF liaison aircraft that was exclusively built for military use and had no civilian counterpart.

L-5 Sentinel
General information
TypeLiaison aircraft
ManufacturerStinson Aircraft Company
Primary usersUnited States Army Air Forces,
Number built3,590
History
Manufactured1942–1945
First flight28 June 1941
Developed from Stinson Model 75B

Design and development

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The origins of the L-5 can be traced to the prewar civilian Stinson HW-75. This 75 horsepower civilian high-wing design was built by the Stinson Aircraft Company at Wayne, Michigan and first flew in 1939. It was marketed as the Model 105 and was first introduced to the public at the New York World's Fair. The three-place HW-75 featured two side-by-side seats and a third "jumpseat" in back on which a small passenger could sit facing sideways. Economical, spin resistant and easy to fly, the plane was popular with aircraft owners and flight schools and by the end of 1939 Stinson was building three per day. In 1940 the Model 105 was upgraded to an 80 hp (60 kW) Continental engine and with other small improvements this was marketed as the Model 10.[1]

 
Stinson HW-75 (Model 105)

Stinson became a subsidiary of the Vultee Aircraft Corporation in August 1940. Under Vultee management, an improved version was fitted with a four-cylinder 90 hp (67 kW) Franklin engine for the 1941 model year and the type became known as the Model 10A Voyager. In the postwar era, the fuselage of the Model 10A was lengthened to accommodate four passengers and the four-cylinder powerplant was replaced with a Franklin 150 hp six-cylinder engine. This conversion became the Stinson Model 108 Voyager that was the only aircraft commercially produced by Stinson after WWII.

During the summer of 1940, Stinson built an experimental tandem-seat version of the HW-75, equipping it with a 100 hp (75 kW) Lycoming engine. This was known as the Model 75B. Under Vultee management it was re-designated V-75B. Soon increased to 125 horsepower for better performance, this became the Model V-75C that was demonstrated to the military in August and September 1940.

The V-75C failed to meet military requirements, so the Stinson engineers went back to the drawing board and came up with a clean-sheet design that was similar in concept to the V-75C but was a far stronger, more powerful and completely new tandem-seat airplane that met rigorous Army-Navy engineering standards for the design of military aircraft. This was called the Model 76 and was adopted as the L-5.[a]

The experimental 175 hp Model 76, dubbed "the Flying Jeep" by factory personnel, was first flown at the Stinson factory airport on June 23, 1941, by chief pilot Al Schramm. Accepted by the military after accelerated service trials were completed in September, the first contract for 275 planes was issued in January 1942. Originally designated O-62 ('O' for observation), this was changed to L-5 Sentinel ('L' for liaison) in April 1942, seven months before the first production airplanes were delivered. With minor changes, the six-cylinder Lycoming O-435 engine was upped to 185 horsepower, becoming the O-435-1 that powered all production Sentinel models through the L-5E-1.[1]

Adopted by the Army Air Forces as their standard liaison aircraft, replacing the larger and more costly L-1 Vigilant, the primary purpose of the L-5 was short range officer transport, courier work and artillery spotting. The fuselage was reconfigured in June 1944 and the modified aircraft, designated as the L-5B, could be used as an air ambulance or for light cargo transport. With a wider and deeper rear fuselage section and a large rear door that folded downward, a litter patient or 250 pounds of cargo could be quickly loaded. Later iterations of the cargo / ambulance version were the L-5C with provisions for mounting a K-20 aerial camera, the L-5E with drooping ailerons for better low-speed control, the L-5E-1 with larger tires and heavy-duty brakes for better short and soft-field performance, and the final L-5G with a 24-volt electrical system and 190 hp version of the Lycoming engine.[1]

In addition to the previously listed uses, L-5s were employed in many diverse roles such as reconnaissance, search & rescue, aerial photography, forward air control of fighter-bombers, laying communication wire, spraying pesticides, dropping para-cargo, dropping leaflets, and aerial broadcasting with loudspeakers. It also served as a test bed for radar tracking, firing aerial rockets, and airborne remote television. In uncommon instances, L-5 crews dropped grenades and fired wing-mounted bazookas at ground targets.[1]

The L-5 series was manufactured between November 1942 and September 1945, during which time 3,590 of the unarmed two-seaters were delivered for military service, making it the second most widely used light observation liaison aircraft of the war behind the Piper L-4 Cub.[1]

Construction

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The fuselage was constructed using arc-welded chrome-moly steel tubing covered with doped cotton fabric and the wings and empennage were constructed of spruce and mahogany plywood box spars and plywood ribs and skins, also covered with fabric. The use of aluminum, which was in critically short supply and more urgently needed for other aircraft, was limited to the engine cowling, tail cone, framework for the ailerons, rudder and elevator and the landing gear fairings. The L-5 through L-5E were powered by a six-cylinder 185 horsepower (138 kW) Lycoming O-435-1 engine. The L-5G used a 190 hp Lycoming O-435-11.

Operational history

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Capable of operating from short unimproved airstrips, the L-5 Sentinel delivered personnel, intelligence and supplies to the front line. On return flights, wounded soldiers were often evacuated to rear area field hospitals for medical treatment. L-5s were primarily flown by the Army Air Forces liaison squadrons consisting of 32 planes each. One of these squadrons was attached to field army headquarters deployed overseas and an additional squadron was assigned to each Army Group headquarters. They saw action in Western Europe, Italy, the Philippines, New Guinea, and the China-Burma-India theater. In the hands of the U.S. Marine Corps artillery observation squadrons they were widely used during the Pacific Island campaigns of 1944 and 1945. The L-5 was used by generals and other high-ranking officers for short-range transportation.

An unusual use of the Sentinel was launch and recovery from a land-based overhead cable system designed by Lt. James Brodie that could be quickly set up in a large clearing that was otherwise unsuitable for a runway. The cable was strung between two tall masts and a braked carriage snagged an arresting hook attached to the top of the airplane. After successful tests of the "runway on a rope" in Oklahoma, it was demonstrated to the British in India who declined to adopt it. However, the unorthodox "Rube Goldberg" Brodie landing system was installed aboard the USS City of Dalhart. Staff Sergeant R. A. Gregory made ten good successful launches and recoveries with a Stinson L-5.[2] During the Battle of Okinawa, L-5s operated from an LST equipped with the "Brodie System".[3]

 
UN liaison service in Greece during the Greek Civil War

The Navy and Marine version of the L-5 through L-5E were designated OY-1, and all these aircraft had 12-volt electrical systems. The 24-volt L-5G became the OY-2. Neither the L-5G nor OY-2 saw combat during World War II because production did not begin until July 1945, just weeks before the war ended, but they were used extensively during the Korean War. A further two dozen or so OY-1's were converted to OY-2's in 1948 and 1949. The British Royal Air Force (RAF) procured 40 L-5s and 60 L-5Bs in 1944 and designated them Sentinel Is and Sentinel IIs respectively. These aircraft were used exclusively in the India-Burma theater of operations by SEAC communications and medical evacuation units.

After World War II, the L-5 was used in the continental United States, Hawaii and Alaska by the Civil Air Patrol for search and rescue work. They were also employed by state law enforcement, forestry and Fish & Wildlife departments. Many other countries also received L-5s after the war. The largest quantities were sold to Italy, the Republic of the Philippines, and India. A few went to Pakistan after the partition of India in 1948, and a small number were used by the Japan Defense Force. Others were also sold to Korea, China, Thailand, Mexico, Venezuela, and Brazil.

Variants

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USMC OY-2 takes off from the USS Sicily, 1950
O-62
Original designation for the first contract for 275 aircraft. Changed to L-5 before any of aircraft were delivered.
L-5
Observation model used for artillery spotting and liaison work; 1,538 delivered, 82 transferred to the USMC as OY-1.
L-5A
Cancelled variant of L-5 with 24V electrical system.[b]
L-5B
729 delivered. Ambulance versions with large hatch to permit loading of a stretcher or cargo; twin-float capability; 60 transferred to RAF as Sentinel Mk II. 42 delivered to USMC as OY-1.
L-5C
200 delivered. Same as L-5B but equipped with a vertical mount behind the rear seat for a K-20 aerial reconnaissance cameras. 39 delivered to USMC as OY-1.
L-5D
Not adopted. No prototype built.
L-5E
500 delivered. Same as L-5C but fitted with manually drooping ailerons for better low-speed handling; 45 transferred to USMC as OY-1.
L-5E-1
250 Delivered. Included larger wheels and tires and heavy duty brakes for better off-field performance. 82 transferred to USMC as OY-1.
L-5G
Similar to L-5E-1 but with a 24 volt electrical system and SCR-622 radio package. Powered by 190-hp (142-kW) Lycoming 0-435-11 engine with improved cylinders and carburetor. 115 were built by end of the war and the contract for 785 others was cancelled. 18 delivered to USMC as OY-2.
XL-5F
One modified L-5B (44-17103) used to develop the 24-volt system used on the L-5G. Later, with modified greenhouse, served as prototype for unbuilt L-5H.
 
L-5E with "Quiet Flight" modifications at Langley
U-19A
L-5s still in service and redesignated U-19A by the USAF in 1962.
U-19B
Single L-5G redesignated U-19B in 1962. Used as a glider tug at the United States Air Force Academy and equipped with a Lycoming R-680 radial engine.
OY-1
288 L-5 through L-5E-1 transferred to the United States Marine Corps and United States Navy.
OY-2
18 transfers of L-5G to USN/USMC; 30 OY-1 conversions to 24V electrical system.
Sentinel Mk I
40 L-5s supplied to the RAF under Lend-Lease.
Sentinel Mk II
60 L-5Bs supplied to the RAF under Lend-Lease.
L-5/235
Civilian variant developed in Italy for glider towing, powered by Lycoming O-540-B, 235 hp (175 kW).
Clevenger
Approximately 20 L-5's converted to crop dusters by Clevenger Aerial Applicators of Salinas, CA. Equipped with Continental 220 hp radial engines, larger main and tail wheels, and fitted with lower wings and interplane struts to create a biplane. Operated at up to 3,800 lb (1,700 kg) gross weight in the Restricted category.

Operators

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  Australia
  Greece
  India
  Indonesia
  Italy
  Japan
  South Korea
  Pakistan
  Philippines
  Poland
  Republic of China
  People's Republic of China
  Thailand
  United Kingdom
  United States

Surviving aircraft

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OY-1 on display at the Travis AFB Heritage Center
 
L-5E on display at the Museum of Aviation

Today there are about 300 known examples left worldwide and less than half are in flying condition.[9] A group called the Sentinel Owners and Pilots Association is dedicated to the preservation and enjoyment of this aircraft type.[10]

Australia

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Airworthy
OY-1

United States

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Airworthy
OY-1
OY-2
L-5
On Display
OY-1
L-5
Under Restoration or in Storage

Netherlands

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Airworthy
L-5

Specifications (L-5)

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3-view line drawing of the Stinson L-5 Sentinel

Data from Stinson L-5 Sentinel[48]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2 (pilot and observer)
  • Length: 24 ft 1 in (7.34 m)
  • Wingspan: 34 ft 0 in (10.36 m)
  • Height: 7 ft 11 in (2.41 m)
  • Wing area: 155 sq ft (14.4 m2)
  • Airfoil: NACA 4412[49]
  • Empty weight: 1,550 lb (703 kg) approx
  • Gross weight: 2,250 lb (1,021 kg) civilian limit
  • Max takeoff weight: 2,250 lb (1,021 kg) civilian limit
  • Fuel capacity: 36 US gal (140 L; 30 imp gal)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Lycoming O-435 6-cylinder air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine, 185 hp (138 kW) (O-435-1) 190 (O-435-11)
  • Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 130 mph (210 km/h, 110 kn) level flight
  • Cruise speed: 100 mph (160 km/h, 87 kn) to 110 mph
  • Stall speed: 42 mph (68 km/h, 36 kn) power off, 38 mph power on
  • Never exceed speed: 200 mph (320 km/h, 170 kn) military limit, 163 mph civilian limit
  • Range: 375 mi (604 km, 326 nmi) no reserve
  • Endurance: 3.5 hours
  • Service ceiling: 15,800 ft (4,800 m)
  • Rate of climb: 900 ft/min (4.6 m/s) at sea level

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Six stock Stinson Model 10's evaluated by the military as YO-54's in 1940 were unrelated to the development of the L-5.[1]
  2. ^ 688 examples falsely reported in 1944 by Jane's All the World's Aircraft to have been built.

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Gray, James H. (2021). "Stinson's Venerable "Flying Jeep"". Stinson L-5 Club. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  2. ^ "Bax Seat: Hanging Out With the Brodies". Flying Magazine. 112 (12). Los Angeles: CBS Magazines: 96. December 1985. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  3. ^ "L-5 Used in Pacific With Brodie System YouTube
  4. ^ Bridgman 1951, p. 11a.
  5. ^ "Indonesian aviation 1945-1950." Archived 14 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine adf-serials.com. Retrieved: 20 March 2021.
  6. ^ aeroflight
  7. ^ Bridgman 1951, p. 16a.
  8. ^ Bridgman 1951, p. 20a.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Gray, James (Summer 2014). "L-5 Newsletter" (PDF). Sentinel Owners & Pilots Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  10. ^ "[Home Page]". Sentinel Owners & Pilots Association. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  11. ^ Flypast Magazine, July 2007, Key Publishing Ltd.
  12. ^ "Aircraft Register [VH-NOY]". Australian Government Civil Aviation Safety Authority. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  13. ^ "OY-1 Stinson/42-15060." Commemorative Air Force. Retrieved: 11 February 2020.
  14. ^ "FAA Registry: N9315H." faa.gov Retrieved: 11 February 2020.
  15. ^ "Our Stinson L-5 Sentinel". Capital Wing of the Commemorative Air Force. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  16. ^ "FAA REGISTRY [N1156V]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 18 May 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  17. ^ a b "CAF Liaison/Observation". Commemorative Air Force. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  18. ^ "FAA REGISTRY [N5138B]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  19. ^ "Stinson L-5". DFW Wing. Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  20. ^ "FAA REGISTRY [N57789]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 18 May 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  21. ^ "FAA REGISTRY [N63777]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 18 May 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  22. ^ "Stinson L-5 Sentinel". Commemorative Air Force Minnesota Wing. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  23. ^ "FAA REGISTRY [N68591]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 18 May 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  24. ^ "Stinson L-5 Sentinel/44-17543." aerialvisuals.ca Retrieved: 13 February 2020.
  25. ^ "FAA Registry: N3706C."[permanent dead link‍] faa.gov Retrieved: 13 February 2020.
  26. ^ "Stinson L-5 Sentinel/44-17588." Military Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 13 February 2020.
  27. ^ "FAA Registry: N57WT."[permanent dead link‍] faa.gov Retrieved: 13 February 2020.
  28. ^ "Aircraft". Central California Valley Squadron. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  29. ^ "FAA REGISTRY [N5625V]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 18 May 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  30. ^ "Stinson L-5E Sentinel". Estrella Warbirds Museum. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  31. ^ "FAA Registry [N45CV]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  32. ^ "Indoor Exhibits – Humanitarian Missions". Travis Air Force Base Heritage Center. Travis Heritage Center. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  33. ^ "L-5E "Sentinel"". Museum of Aviation. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  34. ^ "Stinson L-5 Sentinel". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  35. ^ "Aircraft Listing". Flying Leathernecks. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  36. ^ "L-5 Sentinel". March Field Air Museum. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  37. ^ "OY-1 SENTINEL". National Naval Aviation Museum. Naval Aviation Museum Foundation. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  38. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Stinson OY-1 Sentinel, s/n 60465 USMC, c/n 76-0385, c/r N57598". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  39. ^ "Stinson L-5 Sentinel". National Museum of the US Air Force. 17 April 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  40. ^ "Our Collection". Vintage Flying Museum. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  41. ^ "Airframe Dossier – Stinson L-5E Sentinel, s/n 44-17925 USAAF, c/n 76-3199, c/r N1135V". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  42. ^ "1944 Stinson L-5B-1VW Sentinel – PH-PBB". EAA. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  43. ^ "South Dakota Air and Space Museum". www.sdairandspacemuseum.com. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  44. ^ "1943 Stinson L-5 Sentinel". Air Group One. Air Group One CAF. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  45. ^ "STINSON SENTINEL" (PDF). 27 June 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  46. ^ "FAA REGISTRY [N59AF]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 18 May 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
  47. ^ "1944 Stinson L-5B-VW Sentinel – N9658H". DDA. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  48. ^ "Stinson L-5 Sentinel". March Field Air Museum. Archived from the original on 15 September 2000. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  49. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography

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  • Bavousett, Glenn B. World War II Aircraft in Combat. New York: Arco Pub. Co, 1976.
  • Bridgeman, Leonard. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1951–52. London: Samson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd., 1951.
  • Elliot, Bryn (March–April 1997). "Bears in the Air: The US Air Police Perspective". Air Enthusiast. No. 68. pp. 46–51. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Gray, James H. "History and Design of the Stinson L-5"; Sentinel Owners & Pilots Association website and newsletter, 2001–2022. www.sentinelclub.org[not specific enough to verify]
  • Love, Terry M. L-Birds: American Combat Liaison Aircraft of World War II. New Brighton, Minnesota: Flying Books International, 2001. ISBN 978-0-911139-31-0.
  • Morgała, Andrzej. Ex-USAAF aircraft 1945: Piper L-4 Grasshopper, Douglas C-47 Skytrain/Dakota, Cessna UC-78 Bobcat, Stinson L-5 Sentinel, Taylorcraft L-2A Grasshopper. Sandomierz: STRATUS, 2011.
  • "Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation". Air Enthusiast Quarterly (2): 154–162. n.d. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Young, Edward (Spring 1994). "Counter-Air: 2nd Air Commando Group in Burma & Thailand". Air Enthusiast. No. 53. pp. 10–19. ISSN 0143-5450.
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