Stephen Angulalik (ca. 1898–1980) was an internationally known Ahiarmiut Inuit from northern Canada notable as a Kitikmeot fur trader and trading post operator at Kuugjuaq (Perry River), Northwest Territories. His stories and photos were carried by journals and periodicals worldwide.
Stephen Angulalik | |
|---|---|
| Born | Angulalik ca. 1898 In the vicinity of Kuunnuaq (Ellice River) |
| Died | 1980 |
| Occupation | Trader |
| Employer | Hudson's Bay Company |
| Known for | Perry River post manager |
| Successor | Red Pedersen |
| Spouses |
|
| Children | Eleven |
| Parent(s) | Oakoak (father) Okalitaaknahik (mother) |
Early life
editAngulalik was born less than 30 miles (48 km) to the west in the vicinity of Ellice River on the Queen Maud Gulf. His parents, Oakoak (father) and Okalitaaknahik (mother), were Caribou Inuit.
In 1923, Angulalik lived on the Kent Peninsula near a Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) post. The post had opened three years earlier and was run by Hugh Clarke; it was the most remote HBC post of the Canadian Arctic. Angulalik learned the fur trading business from Clarke. In 1926, Clarke and George Porter opened a Canalaska trading post for owner Captain Christian Theodore Pedersen in Perry River, probably because of Ahiarmiut relocation to that area, the Kent Peninsula caribou becoming scarce. In addition to the trading post, Clarke built a home for Angulalik, ensuring Ahiarmiut loyalty to the Canalaska post, rather than an HBC post67°48′00″N 102°10′00″W / 67.80000°N 102.16667°W a few miles away[1] (run by Angus Gavin between April 1937 and July 1941). [2][3]
Career
editIn 1928, when new laws forced the closure of both posts, Angulalik continued as an independent trader, supplied by Canalaska.[4] When Pedersen sold his company to the HBC, the sale included a provision for the HBC in Cambridge Bay to continue supplying trade goods to Angulalik. In 1929, Angulalik sailed to Herschel Island and purchased a schooner, the "Tudlik", from Canalaska, using the "Tudlik" during his career to transport goods from Cambridge Bay or Herschel Island to his trading post.
There were odd things in his store, such as parasols and umbrellas for which the Eskimos had an intriguing new use. When covered with white cotton, they made conveniently packaged shields; behind them a hunter could creep up on a sleeping seal on the spring ice.[5][6]
Angulalik's trade partners included distant Copper Inuit bands such as the Hanningajurmiut of Garry Lake (Hanningajuq, meaning "sideways" or "crooked"). The Hanningajurmiut were called the Ualininmiut ("people from area of which the sun follows east to west") by their Caribou Inuit neighbors of the north, the Utkusiksalinmiut. He also traded with the Illuilirmiut of Illuiliq from Adelaide Peninsula. As these Inuit were located between Angulalik's Perry River post and the Gjoa Haven HBC post, Angulalik set up an outpost closer to them at Sherman Inlet to secure their business. It was run by Angulalik's adopted son, George Oakoak, from 1948 to 1955.[7]
Angulalik's trading ventures were successful despite the fact that he was unable to speak or write English. He either got help from other people or copied the words from the boxes that he received. This, according to at least one source, led to him ordering such things as "5 cases of This Side Up".[8][9]
A crisis event occurred in Angulalik's life New Year's Eve 1956, when he stabbed the man Otoetok, in self-defense. While Otoetok’s wounds were minor, leaving them untended resulted in his painful death on January 4, 1957, leading Angulalik to sell his Perry River trading operations to the HBC the same year. Judge John Sissons presided over the murder trial in Cambridge Bay and Angulalik was acquitted.[10] He returned to the Perry River post and worked with the new young manager, Red Pedersen, who became a lifelong friend. Angulalik stayed there until post closure in 1967.[5][8]
Personal life
editThere were no taboos against polygamy amongst the Ahiarmiut. By October 1937, Angulalik had two wives and the three of them were pictured in Life Magazine. Angulalik's first wife was named Kuptana; she died in 1939. His second wife was Koloahok; she died in 1938. No longer a polygamist, Angulalik was baptised "Stephen" in 1938, according to Royal Canadian Mounted Police Sergeant Henry Larsen. In 1941, Angulalik married Mabel Ekvana, about age 16, with whom he raised 11 children.[5][10]
Inuit had used this area to trap foxes. I have gone trapping with Angulalik when we were just married. A long time ago on this river, Perry River we would set traps all along the shores of this river. When he ran the post, he enjoyed travelling and setting traps... we would travel up river not very far and set up traps with help from young men. He would always have someone helping him all the time. We would set traps along the coast by Sherman Inlet.
— Mabel Ervana Angulalik[5]
In 1967, Angulalik and Ekvana moved to Cambridge Bay, sent their children to the local school, and spent most of the year in a settled existence, but every summer, they returned to Perry River. Unlike other adults, Angulalik could neither read or write Inuktitut.[9][10] He enjoyed photography, however, owning cameras and photographic equipment. His photos are part of a collection at the Canadian Museum of History Ottawa.[11]
Awards
editSee also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Hugh Clarke". kikikmeotheritage.ca. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
- ^ Gavin, Angus (August 1945). "Notes on Mammals Observed in the Perry River District, Queen Maud Sea". Journal of Mammalogy. 26 (3): 226–230. doi:10.2307/1374818. JSTOR 1374818.
- ^ Gavin, Angus (October–December 1947). "Birds of Perry River District, Northwest Territories". Wilson Bulletin. 59 (4). unm.edu: 195–203. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
- ^ "Kitikmeot Heritage Society – Angulalik Kitikmeot Fur Trader". Virtual Museum of Canada. Kitikmeot Heritage Society. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
- ^ a b c d "Perry River Post". kitikmeotheritage. Archived from the original on 2007-09-22. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
- ^ Copland, A. Dudley (1985) Coplalook Chief Trader, Hudson's Bay Company, 1923–1939. Winnipeg, Man: Watson & Dwyer, 1985, p. 227, ISBN 0-920486-12-6.
- ^ "Inuit Heritage Centre". virtualmuseum. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
- ^ a b "A Famous Inuk". kitikmeotheritage. Archived from the original on 2008-02-01. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
- ^ a b Nancy Millar (2000). Once upon a wedding: Stories of weddings in western Canada, 1860–1945, for better or worse (Google Book Search). Bayeux Arts. ISBN 978-1-896209-33-3. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
- ^ a b c Dorothy Eber (1997). Images of Justice: A Legal History of the Northwest Territories (Google Book Search). MQUP. ISBN 0-7735-1675-1. Retrieved 2008-01-11.
- ^ "Search the Collection | Canadian Museum of History".
Further reading
edit- Keith, D., Stephen Angulalik: Kitikmeot Fur Trader. 2004. Kitikmeot Heritage Society (Full text plus photos)
- McGrath, Robin. A Northern Biography, Stephen Angulalik, (1895–1980). S.l: s.n, 1981.