Stargazer is a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar built in 1974, that was modified in 1994 for use by Orbital Sciences (now part of Northrop Grumman) as a mother ship for the Pegasus, a small-lift launch vehicle. As of October 2022[update], 45 rockets (containing nearly 100 satellites) have been launched from Stargazer.[2][3] Stargazer is the only L-1011 airframe still airworthy.[4]
| Stargazer | |
|---|---|
 Stargazer in Northrop Grumman livery, carrying the Pegasus XL for the TacRL-2 mission from Vandenberg Space Force Base in June 2021 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Lockheed L-1011 TriStar |
| Status | In service |
| Owners | Orbital Sciences Orbital ATK Northrop Grumman |
| Construction number | 193E-1067 |
| Registration | N140SC[1] |
| History | |
| First flight | February 22, 1974 |
| In service | 1974 - Present |
History
editThe first Pegasus launch to use Stargazer was conducted on June 27, 1994, as the maiden flight of the Pegasus-XL. Previous launches used the NASA-operated Boeing B-52 nicknamed "Balls 8," which was also used for four subsequent launches, as the original Pegasus could not be launched from Stargazer due to clearance issues. A modified version, the Pegasus-H, was introduced to rectify this.
Stargazer was also used for captive tests and transportation of the X-34 hypersonic research aircraft; however, the drop tests used Balls 8.
Pegasus launches using Stargazer are usually conducted from Vandenberg Air Force Base. Launches have also been conducted from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, NASA's Kennedy Space Center, NASA's Wallops Flight Facility and from launch sites outside the US: Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands and Gando Airport in Spain.[5]
Orbital Sciences also offer the aircraft for research flights.[6] It is capable of carrying a 23,000 kilograms (51,000 lb) payload to an altitude of 12,800 metres (42,000 ft).[7]
In 2010, Stargazer was reengined with 50,000 lbf (220 kN)-thrust Rolls-Royce RB211-524B4 turbofans to replace its original 42,000 lbf (190 kN)-thrust RB211-22Bs.[8]
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In 2015, Stargazer was repainted to reflect Orbital Sciences' merger with Alliant Techsystems. into Orbital ATK[9]
On December 15, 2016, Stargazer successfully launched CYGNSS on behalf of NASA on its second attempt. The first attempt on December 12 was scrubbed due to issues with the hydraulic system responsible for separating the Pegasus rocket from the launch aircraft.[10]
Stargazer appeared in Northrop Grumman livery in 2018 following the acquisition of Orbital ATK.[11] Stargazer launched the Ionospheric Connection Explorer on October 11, 2019. The launch was originally scheduled for June 2017 but was scrubbed when an anomalous piece of vehicle data was observed during a ferry flight. The data was related to the rudder position of the Pegasus XL rocket and was observed during a routine in-flight vehicle health check.[12] The launch was delayed multiple times from 2017 to 2019, finally occurring October 11, 2019.[4]
Background
editThe Lockheed L-1011 TriStar carrier aircraft first flew in February 1974, and was delivered to Air Canada as C-FTNJ the following month. In May 1992 Orbital Sciences acquired the plane and had Marshall Aerospace in the UK implement accommodations for the Pegasus system. It was renamed for use as carrier aircraft for the Pegasus launch system.[12] The company also considered other aircraft including the Boeing B-52G Stratofortress, Boeing 747, and DC-10, taking into account altitude and speed performance, range, modification complexity, and acquisition and operational costs.[13]
See also
edit
- Scaled Composites White Knight
- LauncherOne — Virgin Galactic Rocket
- Cosmic Girl — LauncherOne Carrier Plane
- Scaled Composites Stratolaunch
References
edit- ^ "FAA Registry (N140SC)". Federal Aviation Administration.
- ^ "Aircraft Registration Database Lookup". www.airframes.org. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
- ^ "Pegasus". Northrop Grumman. Archived from the original on July 26, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
- ^ a b Clark, Stephen (October 10, 2019). "Rockets purchased by Stratolaunch back under Northrop Grumman control". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
- ^ Krebs, Gunter. "Pegasus". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on August 3, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- ^ ""Stargazer" L-1011 Carrier Aircraft". Orbital Sciences Corporation. Archived from the original on April 20, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- ^ "L-1011 Fact Sheet" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 22, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- ^ Norris, Guy (May 4, 2022). "Riding Along For An L-1011 Air Launch Flight Demonstration". Aviation Week Network. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
- ^ Ray, Justin (April 19, 2015). "Photo: New Orbital ATK paint job for Pegasus carrier jet". Spaceflight Now. Spaceflight Now Inc. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
- ^ Kremer, Ken (December 13, 2016). "Hydraulic Pump Glitch Aborts NASA's Hurricane MicroSat Fleet Launch to Dec. 15 - Live Coverage". Universe Today. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022.
- ^ Granath, Bob (November 7, 2018). "Stargazer Aircraft Airborne with Pegasus XL, ICON Satellite". NASA. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
- ^ a b Bergin, Chris (August 27, 2018). "ICON resets for October launch from the East Coast". NASA Spaceflight. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021.
- ^ Mosier, Marty; Rutkowski, Ed (1993). "Pegasus XL Development and L-1011 Pegasus Carrier Aircraft". Utah State University Libraries. Dulles, VA: Orbital Sciences Corporation. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022.