Wikipedia

St. Martin's Island

Not to be confused with Saint Martin (island).
For other uses, see Saint Martin Island (disambiguation).

Saint Martin Island (Bengali: সেন্টমার্টিন দ্বীপ, romanized: Sēnṭmārṭin Dbīp) is a small coral island in the northeastern part of the Bay of Bengal, about 9 km south of the tip of the Cox's Bazar-Teknaf peninsula, and forming the southernmost part of Bangladesh. It has an area of only 3 km2. There is a small adjoining island that is separated at high tide, called Chhera Dwip. It is about 8 kilometres (5 miles) west of the northwest coast of Myanmar, at the mouth of the Naf River. It is also Bangladesh's only coral island.

Saint Martin Island
Native name:
সেন্টমার্টিন দ্বীপ (Sēnṭmārṭin Dbīp)
নারিকেল জিঞ্জিরা (Nārikēl Jinjirā)
দারুচিনি দ্বীপ (Dārucini Dbīp)
Clockwise from the top:
Fishing boats near the jetty of St. Martin's Island • Corals at the beach of St. Martin's • Corals of St. Martin's in a cloudy afternoon • Mountains off the coast of Myanmar seen from the St. Martin's • Sunset from St. Martin's • Corals at Chhera Dwip
Map
Geography
LocationBay of Bengal
Coordinates20°36′47″N 92°19′36″E / 20.61306°N 92.32667°E / 20.61306; 92.32667
Area3 km2 (1.2 sq mi)
Length9 km (5.6 mi)
Width0.5 km (0.31 mi)
Administration
DistrictCox's Bazar District
Demographics
Population8,000
Saint Martin Island Lighthouse
Narikel Jinjira Edit this at Wikidata
Foundationconcrete base
Constructionmetal skeletal tower[1]
Height35 m (115 ft) Edit this on Wikidata
Shapesquare pyramidal skeletal tower with balcony and lantern[1]
Markingswhite and red horizontal bands, white and red horizontal daymark on the top[1][2]
OperatorBangladesh Department of Shipping[1]
RaconM Edit this on Wikidata
Focal height39 m (128 ft) Edit this on Wikidata
Range20 nmi (37 km; 23 mi) Edit this on Wikidata
CharacteristicFl W 37s Edit this on Wikidata

History and description

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Millennia ago, the island used to be an extension of the Teknaf peninsula, but as a portion of the peninsula was flooded by the Bay of Bengal and submerged, the southernmost part of the peninsula became an island. The island was first settled in the 18th century by Arabian merchants, who named it "Jazira". During British occupation, the island was named after the then Deputy Commissioner of Chittagong, Mr. Martin, as St. Martin Island.[3] Local names of the island are "Narikel Jinjira [4] ," which means "Coconut Island," and "Daruchini Dip," which means "Cinnamon Island".

Administration

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The island makes up the Saint Martin's Union Parishad. It has 9 villages/areas:

 
UP complex of Saint Martin Island
  • Paschim Para (Western Neighbourhood)
  • Deil Para
  • Uttar Para (Northern Neighbourhood)
  • Majher Para (Middle Neighbourhood)
  • Purba Para (Eastern Neighbourhood)
  • Konar Para (Edge Neighbourhood)
  • Nazrul Para (Neighbourhood of Nazrul)
  • Golachipa (literally "narrow neck")
  • Dakkhin Para (Southern Neighbourhood)

Inhabitants

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Coral in St. Martin's Island .

The island's economy is primarily based on fishing, which supports the majority of its roughly 3,700 inhabitants.[5] The other staple crops are rice and coconut. Being very common on the island, algae are collected, dried, and exported to Myanmar. Between October and April, the fishermen from neighboring areas bring their caught fish to the island's temporary wholesale market. However, imports of chicken, meat and other foods come in from mainland Bangladesh and Myanmar. As the centre and the south are mainly farmland and makeshift huts, most of the permanent structures are around the far north of the island.

During the rainy season, because of the dangerous conditions on the Bay of Bengal, the inhabitants are unable to travel to mainland (Teknaf), leaving the island isolated. There is a hospital on the island, but in the past there has often been no doctor.[citation needed]

Biological diversity and bioprospecting potential

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Research by the Bangladesh Department of Environment (DoE), with the assistance of the UNDP, demonstrates that the island has a number of ecosystems, including coral-rich areas, mangroves, lagoons and stony areas. The island is a safe haven to various species of fauna. The presence of 153 species of sea weeds, 66 species of coral, 187 species of oysters, 240 species of fish, 120 species of birds, 29 species of reptiles and 29 species of mammals were recorded at the St Martin's Island in 2010.[6][7][8][9] The area in vicinity has been declared as a Marine Protected Area in 2022.[10][11]

Marine sponges and their associated microbes produce an enormous array of antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antibiotic and other bioactive molecules.[9][12][13] A total of 15 bacterial genera comprising 31 different bacterial species from the 9 collected marine sponges of the island. Among them Bacillus subtilis strains WS1A and YBS29 have great probiotic potential.[9][14][15] It can produce antimicrobial compounds and prevent motile Aeromonas septicemia disease (a major fish disease in Bangladesh) of Rohu (Labeo rohita).[9][14] Bacillus subtilis strains WS1A and YBS29 produce different types of antimicrobial peptides.[9][14][15] Fish (Labeo rohita) fed with extracellular products of Bacillus subtilis strains WS1A and YBS29 develop complete disease resistance.[9][14][15] The metabolites and bioactive compounds derived from marine sponges and sponge microbes also afford abundant potential for pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications.[13]

Transportation

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M.V. Bangali. (32191488734)

The only way to reach Saint Martin Island is by water transportation: boats and ships (mostly for tourists) from Cox Bazar and Teknaf. It is the southernmost union of Bangladesh situated in 120 km away from the Cox's Bazar city.[4] The only internal transport for island is non motorized van (pulled by man.) The roads are made of concrete, and their condition are decent. All most hotels run generators until 11 PM which are not allowed afterwards, so they then rely on solar power, which is popular throughout the island. There is no electricity supply from the national grid since a hurricane in 1991.

Tourism

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A resort hotel on St. Martin's Island

Saint Martin Island has become a tourist spot, and eight shipping liners run daily trips to the island. Nowadays, tourist has become friendly to Eco tourism. Tourists can book their trip either from Chittagong or from Cox's Bazar. The surrounding coral reef has an extension named Chera Dwip. A small bush is there, which is the only green part. People do not live on this part, so it is advisable for the tourists to go there early and come back by afternoon.[original research?]

A number of efforts have been proposed to preserve the several endangered species of turtles that nest on the island, as well as the corals, some of which are found only on Narikel Jinjira.[citation needed] Pieces of the coral reef are being removed to be sold to tourists.[16] Nesting turtles are sometimes taken for food, and their hatchlings are often distracted by the twinkling lights along the beach. Fish, a few recently discovered, are being overfished. Every year the fishermen must venture further out to sea to get their catch. Most of them use motorless boats.

It is possible to walk around the island in a day because it measures only 8 km2 (3 sq. mile), shrinking to about 5 km2 (2 sq. mi) during high tide. The island is based on sedimentary rock. Its north-eastern side and southern-most part including Chhera Dwip is surrounded by sparse coral colonies. The sedimentary rocky reef surrounding the island is often misunderstood as ‘coral reef’. <>ref{https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358969864_Sedimentary_rocky_reefs_on_St_Martin's_Island_Bangladesh_are_not_coral_reefs_A_review_of_Ara_et_al_2021}</ref} [17]

Saint Martin lost 70% of its coral reef between 1980 and 2018 due to anthropogenic factors.[18] This is an estimation based on Geospatial Techniques. Field level research data in this regard is nearly non-existent.

Sovereignty dispute and shootings of St. Martin's fishermen

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Fishing is one of largest professional activities of St. Martin's Island's 5,500 residents; however, territorial disputes between Myanmar and Bangladesh have resulted in a state of tension between the countries that can erupt into violence, often targeting unarmed Bangladeshi fishermen. Below is a brief summary of shooting incidents against St. Martin's fishermen:

  • On October 7, 1998, between three and five Bangladeshi fishermen were killed by Burmese Navy forces just off the coast of St. Martin's Island.[19]
  • On September 8, 1999, one Bangladeshi fisherman was shot and killed by Burmese Navy forces near Saint Martin Island. Nine crewmen from the victim's fishing boat abandoned it, swam for their lives, and were rescued by Bangladeshi forces. The Bangladeshi government lodged a formal protest note to Myanmar.[20]
  • On August 20, 2000, the Bangladeshi police reported that Burmese border guards had shot and killed four Bangladeshi fishermen off the coast of St. Martin's Island.[21]
  • In 2011 pirates attacked fishermen 5 km off the coast of Saint Martin Island and killed four of them.[22]
  • On 6 October 2018, the Government of Myanmar updated its 2015-2018 map of Myanmar Information Management Unit showing St. Martin as a part of their sovereign territory and spread the maps in two global websites. Following the event, the Myanmar Ambassador in Dhaka was summoned by the Government of Bangladesh on 6 October 2018. Rear Admiral (retd) M Khurshed Alam, maritime affairs secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Bangladesh handed over a strongly worded protest note to him. The Myanmar envoy said it was a "mistake" to show the Saint Martin Island as part of his country's territory.[23]

Climate and weather

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The best weather is usually between November and February; this is the major tourist season. Between March and July, cyclones can strike. The island was devastated by a cyclone in 1991 but has fully recovered, and was untouched by the 2004 tsunami. March to July is off-season for tourists.

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  •  
    Keya Tree (Pandanus odorifer) of Saint Martin's Island
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    East view of Saint Martins Island
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    Coconut garden Saint Martins Island
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    Light house of St. Martin's Island
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    Boats at St. Martin's Island

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Bangladesh". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  2. ^ List of Lights, Pub. 112: Western Pacific and Indian Oceans Including the Persian Gulf and Red Sea (PDF). List of Lights. United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. 2016.
  3. ^ "St. Martin Island, History, Location, how to go ?". Travel & Explore BD.
  4. ^ a b Haque, MD Mohaiminul (2022-12-06). "Saint Martin Bangladesh: A Little Heaven". Incredible Asia. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
  5. ^ Chowdhury, Sifatul Quader (2012). "St Martin's Island". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  6. ^ Zinnat, Mohammad Ali; Roy, Pinaki (2015-10-16). "Biodiversity of St Martin's under threat". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  7. ^ "St. Martin's Island and its unique biodiversity face serious threats". IUCN. 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
  8. ^ Alam, O; Deng, TL; Uddin, MN; Alamgir, M (2015-08-24). "Application of Environmental Ethics for Sustainable Development and Conservation of Saint Martin's Island in Bangladesh". Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources. 8 (1): 19–27. doi:10.3329/jesnr.v8i1.24628. ISSN 2408-8633.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Paul, Sulav Indra; Rahman, Md. Mahbubur; Salam, Mohammad Abdus; Khan, Md. Arifur Rahman; Islam, Md. Tofazzal (December 2021). "Identification of marine sponge-associated bacteria of the Saint Martin's island of the Bay of Bengal emphasizing on the prevention of motile Aeromonas septicemia in Labeo rohita". Aquaculture. 545: 737156. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737156. ISSN 0044-8486.
  10. ^ Wildlife Conservation Society, 2022, A New Marine Protected Area to Protect Biodiversity and Coral Habitat Around Saint Martin’s Island in Bangladesh
  11. ^ The Business Standard, 2021, High-powered team suggested for supervision of marine protected areas
  12. ^ Hentschel, Ute; Piel, Jörn; Degnan, Sandie M.; Taylor, Michael W. (2012-07-30). "Genomic insights into the marine sponge microbiome". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 10 (9): 641–654. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2839. ISSN 1740-1526. PMID 22842661. S2CID 16172507.
  13. ^ a b Souza, Danilo T.; Genuário, Diego B.; Silva, Fabio Sérgio P.; Pansa, Camila C.; Kavamura, Vanessa N.; Moraes, Fernando C.; Taketani, Rodrigo G.; Melo, Itamar S. (2016-10-03). "Analysis of bacterial composition in marine sponges reveals the influence of host phylogeny and environment". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 93 (1): fiw204. doi:10.1093/femsec/fiw204. ISSN 1574-6941. PMID 27702764.
  14. ^ a b c d Rahman, M. Mahbubur; Paul, Sulav Indra; Akter, Tasmina; Tay, Alfred Chin Yen; Foysal, M. Javed; Islam, M. Tofazzal (2020-09-24). "Whole-Genome Sequence of Bacillus subtilis WS1A, a Promising Fish Probiotic Strain Isolated from Marine Sponge of the Bay of Bengal". Microbiology Resource Announcements. 9 (39). doi:10.1128/mra.00641-20. ISSN 2576-098X. PMC 7516141. PMID 32972930.
  15. ^ a b c Paul, Sulav Indra; Rahman, M. Mahbubur (2022-09-26). Gill, Steven R. (ed.). "Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus subtilis YBS29, a Potential Fish Probiotic That Prevents Motile Aeromonas Septicemia in Labeo rohita". Microbiology Resource Announcements. 11 (10): e00915–22. doi:10.1128/mra.00915-22. ISSN 2576-098X. PMC 9583808. PMID 36154193.
  16. ^ "Tourists discover Saint Martin island". eTurbo News. February 19, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
  17. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360018952_Mischaracterization_of_sedimentary_rocky_reef_as_a_coral_reef_in_the_economic_valuation_of_St_Martin's_Island_Bangladesh_A_comment_on_Rani_et_al_2020
  18. ^ Gazi, Md. Yousuf; Mowsumi, Tahrim Jannat; Ahmed, Md. Kawser (September 2020). "Detection of Coral Reefs Degradation using Geospatial Techniques around Saint Martin's Island, Bay of Bengal". Ocean Science Journal. 55 (3): 429. Bibcode:2020OSJ....55..419G. doi:10.1007/s12601-020-0029-3. S2CID 221494916.
  19. ^ Myanmar Guards Kill Two Bangladeshis, October 8, 1998, Reuters
  20. ^ Myanmar border guards kill Bangladeshi fisherman, September 8, 1999, Reuters
  21. ^ Reuters, August 20, 2000
  22. ^ "Four fishermen shot dead by pirates in bay". New Age. August 29, 2011. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013.
  23. ^ Md. Azhar Uddin Bhuiyan (16 October 2018). "Legal implication of Myanmar's claim over Saint Martin". The Daily Star. Bangladesh. Retrieved 25 September 2019.

Sources

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  • Islam, M. Z. 2001. First Reef Check Survey in Bangladesh. Reef Check Newsletter, Volume-6, Issue 2, August 2006.
  • Islam, M. Z. 2005. St. Martin Pilot Project, National Conservation Strategy (NCS) Implementation Project-1, Final Report, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, 2001, 119 pp.
  • Marinelife Alliance, 2016. Final Report: Conservation of Sea Turtle along Bangladesh Coastal & Marine Territory, under Strengthening Regional Protection for Wildlife Protection Project (SRCWPP), Bangladesh Forest Department, Project ID-W2-06, 2013. 2016 Dec, 112 Pg.
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