St. Anthony's Mission House and Theological Seminary was a Catholic minor seminary for the Society of African Missions founded in Highwood, Bergen County, New Jersey. It was spearheaded in 1921 by Fr Ignatius Lissner, SMA as an interracial institution to educate men for the priesthood.
| St. Anthony's Mission House | |
|---|---|
.jpg) St. Anthony's Mission House's original location in Highwood, Bergen County, New Jersey. | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Catholic Church |
| Rite | Latin Church |
| Ecclesiastical or organizational status | Defunct |
| Ownership | Society of African Missions |
| Location | |
| Location | New Jersey |
| Country | United States |
| Architecture | |
| Date established | October 11, 1921 |
The seminary served as one of several Catholic seminaries founded during the early era of Jim Crow as an avenue for African-American priests specifically, amid widespread opposition to the idea of Black Catholic priests in the United States.
St. Anthony's was relatively short-lived, producing only a few African-American priests (the first being the 11th in history) before moving to Tenafly and shuttering in 1926 due to racism among the US bishops.
As of 2022, the SMA property in Tenafly is a formation house and residence that celebrates liturgy daily, and serves as the headquarters of the SMA's American province. The property also houses the province's African Art Museum.
History
editBackground and founding
editFollowing the arrival of the Society of African Missions to the United States in 1897 (and in full force in 1906), as an outworking of their mission to people of African descent, the French priest Ignatius Lissner began advocating forcefully for a seminary to educate African Americans.[1] The climate of racism, which was displayed even among the bishops themselves, was such that the only Black priests ordained before the late 19th century were the Healy brothers, all of whom passed for White during their ministries. As a result, most US seminaries remained closed to Black applicants through the mid 20th century.[2]
_Lissner.jpg)
The SMAs, however, worked with a number of US bishops to find an avenue to ordain Black men stateside, and eventually found favor with one John J. O'Connor in 1921, when Lissner gained permission to open an integrated seminary in Highwood, Bergen County, New Jersey. Opened on October 11 of that year, it served as a formation center for the SMA's Lyon Province, located in the society's founding country of France.[3] Pope Benedict XV and Propaganda prefect Cardinal Willem van Rossum had previously requested that US bishops remove obstacles to Black men entering their seminaries.[2]
The future saint Katharine Drexel contributed funds for St. Anthony's land and construction, and the Franciscan Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary—co-founded by Lissner and Mary Theodore Williams in Savannah, Georgia—arrived in St. Anthony's founding year to serve as domestics.[4][5]
Joseph John and William Floyd
editIn November 1921, St. Anthony's received the man who would go on to become its first Black graduate, Joseph Alexander John, a Grenadian American born in Carriacou in 1880. He had previously been in formation at Epiphany Apostolic College (the minor seminary of the Josephites, a religious community exclusively serving African Americans). John had previously been refused admission to Epiphany, until it was agreed that he would live and be ordained with another community. He lived with the Dominicans and later matriculated to Saint Paul Seminary in Saint Paul, Minnesota under the auspices of the SMAs before arriving in New Jersey.[2] A fellow SMA student from Saint Paul's also came to St. Anthony's, William Floyd.[6]
St Anthony's was characterized largely by John's experience there, which included ongoing refusals from US bishops to accept him to serve as an SMA priest in their diocese upon his graduation and ordination. In 1922, St Anthony's had only six students and four faculty, and suffered from a lack of funding. The faculty, having previously been focused on ministry in Africa itself, struggled to relate to African-American students and Lissner himself also expressed a preference for native African students. Racism between students was also a factor, as the interracial nature of St. Anthony's led to various conflicts involving White students and their prejudices against their Black counterparts.[2]
John himself was ordained in 1923 at St. Benedict the Moor Church in New York City, at the age of 43. Following controversial appearances in Georgia—where the SMAs had established a ministerial outpost with their White priests—he returned to New Jersey as a professor, where the seminary had moved to Tenafly.[2] He later relocated back to the Caribbean and left the SMAs for the Archdiocese of Port of Spain in Trinidad.[7][3] He died there in Cedros in 1943.[8] Floyd was also ordained for the SMAs and later left the society to serve in Trinidad.[6]
Later years and closure
editJohn's inability to find an assignment in the US, and specifically in the SMA's operations among African Americans in Georgia, led the SMAs to cease accepting African Americans into formation, spelling doom for St. Anthony's future.[9] The seminary closed for studies soon after in 1926.
St. Anthony's remains an SMA residence, however, and the SMAs established their American province there in 1941.[4] Lissner himself, who served as the first provincial superior, died there at St. Anthony's in 1948.[10]
21st century
editAs of 2022, the SMA property in Tenafly is a formation house and residence that celebrates liturgy daily, and continues to serve as the headquarters of the SMA's American province. The property also houses the province's African Art Museum.[11]
Notable alumni
edit- Fr Joseph Alexander John, ordained in 1923 but later incardinated into the Archdiocese of Port of Spain in Trinidad.
- Fr William Floyd, also later incardinated into the archdiocese in Trinidad.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Hogan, Edmund M. (2016). The turning of a tide : Ignace Lissner and the Society of African Missions in the U.S.A. Rome. ISBN 978-1-5239-4971-7. OCLC 1179450242.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e Ochs, Stephen J. (1993). Desegregating the altar : the Josephites and the struggle for black priests, 1871–1960. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1859-1. OCLC 28646434.
- ^ a b Marco, P. (May 18, 2018). "La SMA e gli afro-americani: iniziò così". Società Missioni Africane (in Italian). Retrieved October 16, 2022.
- ^ a b "American Province". Society of African Missions (SMA) AMERICAN PROVINCE. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
- ^ Williams, Shannen Dee (2013). Black nuns and the struggle to desegregate Catholic America after World War I (Thesis). Rutgers University – Graduate School – New Brunswick.
- ^ a b "African American Church history retold". Society of African Missions. September 15, 2013. Archived from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
- ^ Work, Monroe; Guzman, Jessie Parkhurst. "Negro year book : an annual encyclopedia of the Negro 1937–1938". www.ebooksread.com. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- ^ "Jessie Baboolal". www.facebook.com. Retrieved October 16, 2022.
- ^ "Detailed biography of Fr. Lissner | Society of African Missions". April 9, 2016. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- ^ "VERY RV. L USSNER, MISSIONARY, IS DEAD". The New York Times. August 8, 1948. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
- ^ "TWENTY-NINTH SUNDAY IN ORDINARY TIME". Society of African Missions (SMA) AMERICAN PROVINCE. October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2022.