The spotted imperial pigeon (Ducula carola), also known as the grey-necked imperial pigeon,[2] is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. Endemic to the Philippines, it lives in forests and forest edges but goes down to the limestone shorelines possibly to feed.[3] It is a vulnerable species threatened by habitat loss and hunting.
| Spotted imperial pigeon | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Columbiformes |
| Family: | Columbidae |
| Genus: | Ducula |
| Species: | D. carola
|
| Binomial name | |
| Ducula carola (Bonaparte, 1854)
| |
It is illegal to hunt, capture or possess spotted imperial pigeons under Philippine Law RA 9147.[4]
Taxonomy and description
editThis species was first described as Ptilocolpa carola by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1854.[5] The specific name carola is derived from the name of a daughter of Bonaparte, Charlotte Honorine Joséphine Pauline Contessa Primoli di Foglia.[6] Overall length is 32–38 cm (13–15 in)
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In the D. c. carola male, the head and neck are ashy grey. The back and wings are grey, with black spots, some parts having a green gloss. The underside of the wings is pale grey. The tail is blackish with a greenish gloss. The throat is creamy white, the breast is dark grey with a white crescent, and the abdomen is dark chestnut. The feet are purple or pinkish red.[2] The beak is reddish, and the iris is whitish.[7] The female has browner upperparts and does not have a white crescent on its breast. The juvenile bird is similar to the female, but is duller.[2] The other two subspecies can be distinguished by the patterns on their breasts and the colours of their upperparts.[7]
Subspecies
editThree subspecies are recognized
Distribution and habitat
editThe spotted imperial pigeon is endemic to the Philippines. It has been recorded on Luzon, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Negros, Siquijor and Mindanao, but may be locally extinct on some islands.[1] Its habitats are forests and forest edges, including areas with some logging. It is usually found below elevations of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) above sea level.[2] Seasonally visits limestone shorelines for reasons that have yet to be fully studied.[9]
Behaviour and ecology
editThis pigeon is often found in flocks of more than 30 individuals.[2] It associates with the green imperial pigeon. The spotted imperial pigeon's voices include po po po po po,[7] and a hu hu hu hu hu call.[10] Captive birds give low oomph notes. It eats fruits from Eugenia and Ficus trees. It probably breeds from February to July. One nest has been recorded in a hollow in a cliff.[2] Flocks react to the availability of food by moving great distances daily and seasonally.[7] Seasonally visits limestone shorelines for reasons that have yet to be fully studied. Richard Ruiz, who has been monitoring the annual return of the pigeons to Pasuquin shoreline since 2011, says the seasonal movement may be a way for the birds to "socialize". Other theories suggest the pigeons fly down to the coast to ingest calcium and other nutrients that are needed to strengthen their egg shells. Others say the birds travel to the coast to drink or bathe in salt water.[9]
Its breeding season is believed to be from February to July based on birds collected with in breeding condition with enlarged gonads. Only one nest has ever been recorded in May in Mindoro. Unusual among pigeons, its nest was located in a hollow in a low cliff. Its nest was a platform of twigs and contained just 1 white egg.
Conservation status
editThe population size is estimated at 1200–3200 mature individuals. This species may have become locally extinct on Sibuyan and Siquijor.[1] In the 1950s, it was common on Negros but has not been recorded there recently. It has also declined on Luzon and Mindanao. It is threatened by habitat loss and hunting. Spotted Imperial Pigeons have been recorded on the pet trade. Spotted imperial pigeons occur in the protected Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park and Mt. Kitanglad Natural Park. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the species's conservation status as vulnerable.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2017). "Ducula carola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22691634A110067690. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22691634A110067690.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Gibbs, David; Barnes, Eustace; Cox, John (2010). Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World. A&C Black. pp. 531–532. ISBN 9781408135563.
- ^ a b Allen, Desmond (2020). Birds of the Philippines. Barcelona: Lynx and Birdlife Guides International. pp. 64–65.
- ^ 11th Congress. "Republic Act No. 9147". Official Gazette of the Philippines.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Baptista, L. F.; Trail, P. W.; Horblit, H. M.; Boesman, P. "Spotted Imperial-pigeon (Ducula carola)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D. A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Bloomsbury. p. 91. ISBN 9781408133262.
- ^ a b c d "Species factsheet: Ducula carola". birdlife.org. BirdLife International. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
- ^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (eds.). "Pigeons". IOC World Bird List Version 7.1. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
- ^ a b Mads, Bajarias (11 June 2014). "The annual mystery of Ilocos Norte's Spotted Imperial Pigeons". GMA News Online.
- ^ Kennedy, Robert (2000). A Guide to the Birds of the Philippines. Oxford University Press. pl. 26. ISBN 9780198546689.