The Gozarto Protection Forces (Syriac: ܚܝܠܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܣܘܬܪܐ ܕܓܙܪܬܐ, Arabic: سوتورو, GPF) and Sootoro (Syriac: ܣܘܬܪܐ), united as one organisation, are a regional militia based in Qamishli, Al-Hasakah Governorate, Syria, composed of members of the local ethnic Assyrian and some Armenian communities, founded after the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War that began in 2011. Sootoro claims to be affiliated with the Civil Peace Committee for Syriac Orthodox.[8] The Qamishli Sootoro is aligned with the Ba'athist government of Bashar Assad.[9]
| Gozarto Protection Forces – Sootoro | |
|---|---|
| ܣܘܬܪܐ – ܚܝܠܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܣܘܬܪܐ ܕܓܙܪܬܐ | |
 Logos of the GPF (left) and Sootoro (right) | |
| Leaders | Sargon Ibrahim [1] |
| Dates of operation | 2012–present |
| Allegiance |  Syrian government |
| Size | 500+ (2015)[2] c. 300-400 (2017 estimate)[3] |
| Allies | Syria
|
| Battles and wars | Syrian Civil War |
| Website | |
History
editThe Qamishli Sootoro should not be confused with the Sutoro police force which has the same name in the Syriac language, but uses the English translation "Syriac Protection Office" and the transliteration and a different emblem.[10] The Sutoro is associated with the Syriac Union Party and integrated in the administration of the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria.
In February 2013, the Qamishli branch of the Sutoro began open operations in the Christian neighbourhood of Wusta, which is located near the city centre and has an Assyrian/Syriac majority with a significant Armenian minority. Though it was initially organised by the Syriac Union Party, the Qamishli militia was subsequently brought under the control of a so-called "peace committee" composed of several Christian organisations from the city.[10] The SUP soon lost virtually all influence on this group,[11] which became seen by many SUP members as being controlled by agents of the Syrian government.[10]
In late 2013, the split between this branch and the rest of the Sutoro became clear. Now transliterating its name as "Sootoro" (alternately referring to itself as the "Syriac Protection Office"), the militia in Qamishli adopted an entirely different logo and started openly asserting a separate identity. In November, the media office of the Qamishli Sootoro stated that it operated exclusively in the city of Qamishli and had not formed branches anywhere else, furthermore accusing militias outside the city of having appropriated their name. By December, the group was explicitly disavowing any connection to the SUP in their press releases. Though it continues to officially claim neutrality, the Qamishli Sootoro has become effectively a pro-government militia. Members of the group are frequently shown next to government flags and portraits of Bashar al-Assad in visual media, and flags bearing its distinct logo have been seen at pro-Assad rallies in the government-controlled sector of the city.[8]
Qamishli is one of the last places in northeast where government forces, having been pushed out of most of Hasakah Governorate by either rebel groups or the Kurdish-autonomist forces of the YPG, still maintain some presence. The Kurds control Kurdish populated districts of Qamishli, while Arab and Assyrian loyalist forces remain in majority-Arab and Assyrian districts in the south respectively, the city centre, the border crossing to Turkey, Qamishli Airport, and an army base on the southern outskirts. The assertion of loyalist control over the Qamishli militia has been identified as a potential effort by the government to strengthen its position in the city by expanding and solidifying its shrunken territorial holdings.[10]
Bibliography
edit- Rashid, Bedir Mulla (2018) [1st pub. 2017]. Military and Security Structures of the Autonomous Administration in Syria. Translated by Obaida Hitto. Istanbul: Omran for Strategic Studies. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Sargon Ibrahim ledaren för Sootoro om situationen i Qamishli "Sargon Ibrahim the leader of Sootoro on the situation in Qamishli"
- ^ "Pro-regime militias in Syria". Yahoo News. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
- ^ Rashid (2018), p. 36.
- ^ "Sectarian militias brought by the regime to fight in Deir al-Zour". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 15 May 2017. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
- ^ Leith Fadel (15 May 2017). "Pro-government Assyrian forces arrive in Deir Ezzor for offensive". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
- ^ https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/christian-forces-fight-back-against-isis-in-east-homs-several-hilltops-captured-near-maheen/ Archived 4 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine On Wednesday morning, the National Defense Forces (NDF) of Sadad, the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), and the Gozarto Protection Forces (GPF) launched a counter-offensive from the Maheen-Sadad checkpoint to reclaim several hilltops from the terrorist group (ISIS).
- ^ Leith Fadel (4 June 2015). "ISIS fails to enter Al-Hasakah City despite numerous attempts". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
- ^ a b al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (23 February 2014). "Christian Militia and Political Dynamics in Syria". Syria Comment. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
- ^ Al Tamimi, Aymenn J (24 March 2014). "Assad regime lacks the total support of Syria's Christians". The National. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d Carl Drott (18 November 2013). "Qamishli's Cold War". Le Monde Diplomatique. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
- ^ Szlanko, Balint (20 February 2014). "Instead of fleeing, some of Syria's Christians will stand their ground". The National. Retrieved 25 February 2014.