The Somatic Symptom Scale - 8 (SSS-8)[1] is a brief self-report questionnaire used to assess somatic symptom burden. It measures the perceived burden of common somatic symptoms. These symptoms were originally chosen to reflect common symptoms in primary care but they are relevant for a large number of diseases and mental disorders.[1][2] The SSS-8 is a brief version of the popular Patient Health Questionnaire - 15 (PHQ-15).[3]
The questionnaire
editRespondents rate how much they were bothered by common somatic symptoms within the last seven days on a five-point Likert scale. Ratings are summed up to make a simple sum score (which can vary between 0 and 32 points). The SSS-8 includes the following symptoms:
- Stomach or bowel problems
- Back pain
- Pain in your arms, legs, or joints
- Headaches
- Chest pain or shortness of breath
- Dizziness
- Feeling tired or having low energy
- Trouble sleeping
Development
editThe SSS-8 is a short version of the frequently used and well-validated Patient Health Questionnaire - 15 (PHQ-15).[2][3] The SSS-8 was designed to be used in settings with restricted measurement time.[1] The items from the PHQ-15 which were included in the SSS-8 were selected according to three criteria: Symptom prevalence in primary care settings, associations with measures of functioning and health related quality of life, and commonalities with other items included in the scale.[1]
Psychometric properties
editPsychometric properties were examined in a representative German general population sample (sample size N = 2510, age > 13 years, year 2012).[1]
Reliability
editInternal consistency is demonstrated by Cronbach's α = 0.81.[1]
Validity
editContent validity
editThe content validity is supposed to be high because the items are derived from the well-validated PHQ-15.[2][3][4] In addition, Zijlema et al. (2013)[2] reviewed 99 scientific publications which presented 40 instruments designed to assess somatic symptoms, somatization, or medically unexplained symptoms. They conclude that a valid measure of somatic symptom burden should include items about "cardiopulmonary (including autonomic symptoms), gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and general symptoms."[2] The SSS-8 includes items from all four domains.
Construct validity
editThe SSS-8 showed positive associations with measures of depression and anxiety.[1] This is consistent with previous studies that demonstrated high co-morbidity of somatic, depressive, and anxious symptoms (i.e. the somatization-anxiety-depression triad).[5][6][7] Moreover, high SSS-8 scores were associated with poor self-reported general well-being and frequent health care use.[1]
Factorial Validity
editThe SSS-8 has a higher order general factor structure. It consists of a general factor and four lower order facets (gastrointestinal symptoms, pain, cardiopulmonary symptoms, and fatigue). This factor structure is invariant for age and gender.[1]
Objectivity
editThe instrument is straightforward to complete, has an easy scoring algorithm (addition of the responses), and has two simple interpretation methods (i.e. severity categories and gender and age specific percentiles).[1] Given this, the objectivity of the instrument is supposed to be high.
Sensitivity to change
editIn a sample of patients with mental disorders who received evidence based treatment, Gierk et al. 2017[8] showed that the SSS-8 is sensitive to change. A decrease of 3 points reflected a minimal clinically important difference.
Interpretation and normative data
editSeverity categories:[1]
| Score | Severity |
|---|---|
| 0-3 | No to minimal |
| 4-7 | Low |
| 8-11 | Medium |
| 12-15 | High |
| 16-32 | Very high |
Furthermore, Gierk et al. (2014)[1] published gender and age specific percentiles from the German general population. The sample included respondents who were older than 13 years.
Comparison of the SSS-8 and the PHQ-15
editGierk et al. (2015)[9] compared the psychometric properties of the SSS-8 and the PHQ-15 in a sample of 131 psychosomatic patients. The sum scores of both questionnaires showed a very high correlation (r = 0.83). The internal consistency was comparable (SSS-8 Cronbach's α = 0.76 vs. PHQ-15 Cronbach's α = 0.80). Moreover, they found a similar pattern of correlations with measures of depression, anxiety, health anxiety, health related quality of life, and health care use. However, poor agreement was found for the severity classifications (the SSS-8 uses five severity categories whereas the PHQ-15 uses only four). The authors note that the severity classification needs "further evaluation in other populations."[9] Overall, they conclude that "the SSS-8 performed well as a short version of the PHQ-15 which makes it preferable for assessment in time restricted settings."[9]
Translations
editThe original SSS-8 was published in English.[1] To date (February 2017), two official psychometrically validated and culturally adapted translations are available:
Planned translations:
- Portuguese spoken in Brazil
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gierk, B; Kohlmann, S; Kroenke, K; Spangenberg, L; Zenger, M; Brähler, E; Löwe, B (2014). "The Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8): A Brief Measure of Somatic Symptom Burden". JAMA Internal Medicine. 174 (3): 399–407. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12179. PMID 24276929.
- ^ a b c d e Zijlema, Wilma L.; Ronald P. Stolk; Bernd Löwe; Winfried Rief; Peter D. White; Judith G.M. Rosmalen (2013). "How to assess common somatic symptoms in large-scale studies: A systematic review of questionnaires". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 74 (6): 459–68. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.03.093. PMID 23731742.
- ^ a b c Kroenke, K; Spitzer, RL; Williams, JB (2002). "The PHQ-15: Validity of a New Measure for Evaluating the Severity of Somatic Symptoms". Psychosomatic Medicine. 64 (2): 258–266. doi:10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008. PMID 11914441. S2CID 28701848.
- ^ Kroenke, K.; R. L. Spitzer; J. B. W. Williams; Bernd Löwe (2010). "The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review". General Hospital Psychiatry. 32 (4): 345–359. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006. ISSN 1873-7714. PMID 20633738.
- ^ Löwe, Bernd; Robert L. Spitzer; Janet B. W. Williams; Monika Mussell; Dieter Schellberg; Kurt Kroenke (2008). "Depression, anxiety and somatization in primary care: syndrome overlap and functional impairment". General Hospital Psychiatry. 30 (3): 191–199. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.01.001. PMID 18433651.
- ^ Hanel, Gertraud; Peter Henningsen; Wolfgang Herzog; Nina Sauer; Rainer Schaefert; Joachim Szecsenyi; Bernd Löwe (2009). "Depression, anxiety, and somatoform disorders: Vague or distinct categories in primary care? Results from a large cross-sectional study". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 67 (3): 189–197. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.04.013. PMID 19686874.
- ^ Simms, L. J.; J. J. Prisciandaro; R. F. Krueger; D. P. Goldberg (2012). "The structure of depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in primary care". Psychological Medicine. 42 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1017/S0033291711000985. PMC 4221083. PMID 21682948.
- ^ Gierk, B.; S. Kohlmann; M. Hagemann-Goebel; B. Löwe; Y. Nestoriuc (2017). "Monitoring somatic symptoms in patients with mental disorders: Sensitivity to change and minimally clinical important difference of the Somatic Symptom Scale - 8 (SSS-8)". General Hospital Psychiatry. 48: 51–55. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.07.002. PMID 28917395.
- ^ a b c d Gierk, Benjamin; Kohlmann, Sebastian; Toussaint, Anne; Wahl, Inka; Brünahl, Christian A.; Murray, Alexandra M.; Löwe, Bernd (2015). "Assessing somatic symptom burden: A psychometric comparison of the Patient Health Questionnaire—15 (PHQ-15) and the Somatic Symptom Scale—8 (SSS-8)". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 78 (4): 352–355. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.11.006. PMID 25498316.
- ^ Matsudaira, K; Kawaguchi, M; Murakami, M; Fukudo, S; Hashizume, M; Oka, H; Löwe, B (2016). "Development of a linguistically validated Japanese version of the Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8)". Shinshin Irgaku. 56: 931–937.
- ^ Matsudaira, K; Oka, H; Kawaguchi, M; Murakami, M; Fukudo, S; Hashizume, M; Löwe, B (2017). "Development of a Japanese version of the Somatic Symptom Scale-8: Psychometric validity and internal consistency". General Hospital Psychiatry. 45: 7–11. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.12.002. PMID 28274342.