The siege of Damascus (also known as the Sack of Damascus and the Capture of Damascus) was a major event in 1400–01 during the war between the Timurid Empire and Mamluk Egypt.
| Siege of Damascus | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Timur defeating the Mamluk Sultan Nasir-ad-Din Faraj[1] | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Timurid Empire | Mamluk Sultanate | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Timur | Nasir-ad-Din Faraj | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | All killed (30,000 Civilians burned Alive + Mountain of 20,000 civilians skulls + rest taken into slavery) | ||||||
Background
editTimur was one of the most powerful Central Asian rulers since Genghis Khan. By long and relentless fighting, he sought to rebuild the Mongol Empire of his predecessors.[4][5]
Prior to attacking Syrian cities, Timur had initially sent an ambassador to Damascus who was executed by the city's Mamluk viceroy, Sudun.[6][a] In 1400, he started a war with the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj and invaded Mamluk Syria. Timur's forces took Aleppo in November 1400.[6] He massacred many of the inhabitants, ordering the building of a tower of 20,000 skulls outside the city.[8] After taking Aleppo, Timur continued his advance where he took Hama, along with nearby Homs and Baalbek,[9] and besieged Damascus.
Battle
editTimur had initially camped at Qubbat Sayyar near Al-Rabweh, west of Damascus. He then raided the surroundings of the city including Qatana, Al-Kiswah, Darayya, Lake Hula, and Hauran.[10]
He later fought an army led by the Mamluk Sultan Nasir-ad-Din Faraj which was defeated outside Damascus leaving the city at the mercy of the Mongol besiegers.[11] With his army defeated by January 1401, the Mamluk sultan dispatched a deputation from Cairo, including Ibn Khaldun, who negotiated with him, but after their withdrawal he put the city to sack.
One particularly distressing incident, verified by independent eyewitnesses, was the burning of the famous Umayyad Mosque in March 1401,[12] and many others including the Baibars' al-Ablaq Palace (The Striped Palace), where the current Tekkiye Mosque is located.[13] Noted imams and religious priests went to Timur and asked for his mercy in the name of Allah. He falsely assured them to take shelter in mosques with their women and children. When thus they totaled more than 30,000 people; he got the doors locked and burnt them alive.[14] Mass rapes were also recorded.[15] In addition, men and women were taken into slavery. A huge number of the city's artisans were taken to Timur's capital at Samarkand. These were the luckier citizens: many were slaughtered and their heads piled up in a field outside the north-east corner of the walls, where a city square still bears the name "Burj al-Ru'us" (between modern-day Al-Qassaa and Bab Tuma), originally the tower of heads.
Aftermath
editAfter the capture of Damascus, Timur's neo-Mongol empire now bordered another emerging power in the region, the Ottoman Empire. The two powers soon came into direct conflict. Bayezid demanded tribute from one of the Anatolian Beyliks who had pledged loyalty to Timur and threatened to invade.[16] Timur interpreted this action as an insult to himself, and in 1402 he moved his army towards the Ottoman city of Sebaste (modern Sivas).[16][b] Timur would later go on to defeat the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at the Battle of Ankara.[16]
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ Unknown. "Battle of Ankara". A Mughal book illustration.
- ^ Rafis Abazov, Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 56.
- ^ Europe in the Late Middle Ages, ed. John Rigby Hale, John Roger Loxdale Highfield, Beryl Smalley, (Northwestern University Press, 1965), 150;"Timur, after defeating the Mamluks in 1400, won a decisive victory over the Ottomans near Ankara in 1402".
- ^ Beatrice Forbes Manz, "Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Apr., 1998), 25; "In his formal correspondance [sic?] Temur continued throughout his life as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He even justified his Iranian, Mamluk and Ottoman campaigns as a reimposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers ...".
- ^ Michal Biran, "The Chaghadaids and Islam: The Conversion of Tarmashirin Khan (1331–34)," Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 122, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec., 2002), 751; "Temur, a non-Chinggisid, tried to build a double legitimacy based on his role as both guardian and restorer of the Mongol Empire.".
- ^ a b "Battle of Aleppo". Britannica. 25 October 2023.
- ^ Ibn Khaldūn 1952, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Battle of Aleppo@Everything2.com.
- ^ le Strange 1890, p. xxiii.
- ^ Ibn Khaldūn 1952, p. 57.
- ^ Margaret Meserve, Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought, (Harvard University Press, 2008), 207.
- ^ Ibn Khaldūn 1952, p. 97.
- ^ Darke 2010, p. 116.
- ^ Bent, Josephine van den (2016-05-03). ""None of the Kings on Earth is Their Equal in ʿaṣabiyya": The Mongols in Ibn Khaldūn's Works". Al-Masāq. 28 (2): 171–186. doi:10.1080/09503110.2016.1198535. ISSN 0950-3110.
- ^ جدلية, Jadaliyya-. "Tamerlane in Damascus". Jadaliyya - جدلية. Retrieved 2021-10-05.
- ^ a b c Tucker 2011, p. 140.
Bibliography
edit- Darke, Diana (2010). Syria. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 9781841623146.
- Ibn Khaldūn (1952). Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane. University of California Press.
- le Strange, Guy (1890), Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500, Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Tucker, Spencer C. (2011). Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0.