Wikipedia

Shayetet 11

The Landing flotilla officially known as the Shayetet 11 is the Amphibious warfare fleet of the Israeli Navy. It is tasked with amphibious landings and logistics. The unit established during Israeli War of Independence was abolished in 1993 and was re-established in 2022.

11th Flotilla
שייטת הנחתות
Coat of arms of Shayetet 11
Active1948-1957, 1964-1993, 2022-present
Country Israel
Branch Israeli Navy
TypeAmphibious warfare flotilla
Size2 Ships (Currently with plans for more)
Part of Israeli Navy
Garrison/HQAshdod Naval Base
Nickname(s)Amphibious Flotilla
Commanders
Notable
commanders		#Commanders
Insignia
Warrior pin

Roles

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The function of the unit is amphibious landings and naval encirclement. In preparation for the Israeli War of Independence, its role was defined as the creation of coastal bridgeheads and transport of supplies to isolated settlements. From then till 1993, the flotilla took part in many wars and many operations when it was abolished. It was re-established in 2022 and became operational in 2024 amidst the backdrop of Israel Hamas war.[1]

Fleet

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The table below includes the vessels that were used by the flotilla.[2]

Name Service Notes Commanders Photo
INS Hanna Senesh (Sh-29) 1948–1951 In Operation Ben Ami, a force from the Carmeli Brigade landed in the captivity of Zion and evacuated the families of kibbutzim the Western Galilee to the Port of Haifa. Brought a force from the 22nd Battalion of the Carmeli Brigade to raid the Litani bridges - "Operation Kathriel" which was canceled due to the entry of the first ceasefire (June 11, 1948) Israel Averbuch
Shaul Avni		  
2 British tank landing crafts Length 48 meters, width 9 meters, thrust 300 tons, 3 propellers, 10.5 knots. Charger: up to 5 tanks weighing 30 tons; or 3 tanks weighing 50 tons; or 9 trucks; or 250 tons.  
INS Nevertheless July 1948 – 1958 Originally a missile boat LCT(r)-147 landing Battalion training, during Suez crisis. It was planned to land a force in the Gaza Strip.[3] The landing craft is on display at the Israeli Navy Museum  
INS Gush Etzion (F-39) July 1948 – 1957 Originally tank landing craft LCT-256, also known as "Perto". It practiced landings on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea (1949) during training exercises.  
2 German tank landing crafts Length 36 meters, width 10 meters, thrust 300 tons, 3 propellers, 10 knots.
INS Yad Mordechai (P-25) 1948–1957  
INS Beit Arava (P-33) 1948–1957
2 American amphibious craft Length 48.5 meters, width 8.5 meters, displacement 387 tons, 2 propellers, 14 knots.
INS Ramat Rachel (P-51) December 30, 1948 – 1960 Collection of war booty from the Sinai coast and the capture of the MiG-15 from the Lake Bardawil and the Battle of the Chinese Farm. Hadar Kimchi
Yehuda Ben-Zur
Meir Lubochinsky		  
INS Nitzanim (P-53) December 30, 1948 –  
6 American Tank landing craft Length 15 meters, width 4.3 meters, thrust 60 tons, 2 propellers, 11 knots. They were used to transport AMX-13 tanks.  
 
INS Machs (32,38 & 40) Security patrols and Operation Kinneret  
4 Amphibious Assault Ships 1949–1967 Two ships assisted by providing cover from the during the battle of Taba. Four ships assisted the 9th Brigade's advance along the Sinai coast.[4] Gad Asher  
3 36m Landing Crafts length 36 meters, width 6 meters, displacement 122 tons, 2 propellers, 10 knots and can carry two tanks or five BTR APCs

 

INS Etzion Geber (P-51) March 1962 – 1982 Participated in Operation Raviv Was transferred to the Mediterranean Sea during the First Lebanon War, was returned to Eilat for decommissioning, remained in Eilat and was used as a base for fish farming. It was transferred to Letron in October 2016 for conservation.[5] Rabbi Chaval Yitzchak Aharonovich, Yosef Harari, Ehud Aral, Uri Sela, Israel Petchnik, Yigal Bar Yosef, Yaakov Abarshi, Shoki Bornstein, Mordechai Dekel, Moshe Miller  
 
INS Caesarea (P-53) October 15, 1964 – March 1983 Operation Raviv was transferred to Ashdod by land, returned to Eilat via the Suez Canal and transferred again to the Mediterranean Sea during the First Lebanon War Yaakov Nitzan, Shmuel Shabach, Yosef Diamant, Shaul Horev, Yossi Levy, Hugo Shimron, Haim Markowitz, Gershon Neve, Yaron Goldstein,  
INS Shekmona (P-55) May 13, 1965 – March 1983 Operation Raviv David Ezer, Aryeh Harel, Shmuel Sharig, Tsiki Hakhalai, Arie Amitai  
3 60m Landing Craft Length 60 meters, width 10 meters, displacement 730 tons, 3 propellers, 10.5 knots can carry 6 Centaurion tanks or 16 APCs  
Tamsah (SG 20) War of Attrition An open barge consists of 20 floating units and is driven by two external engines. Combat Engineering Corps (Israel)  
INS Ashdod (P-61) March 23, 1967 – The Six Day War and 1982 Lebanon War, sold for commercial use Yaakov Nitzan, Yosef Harari, Avi Rothman, Moshe Levy, Nimrod Gilad, Michy Ringert, Danny Carmeli, Rafi Binyamin  
INS Ashkelon (P-63) May 19, 1967 – Six Day War, Shayetet 13 assault on Port Said in Operation Lady, sold to Eritrea Yaakov Nitzan, David Ezer, Gabi Shilo, Amnon Tadmor, Nati Motoki, Omer Levbi, Udi Yoshua  
INS Akziv (P-65) June 1967 – Operation Birds of Eden, participated in the 1982 Lebanon War, later sold to Eritrea. Shmuel Shevah, Shamai Bar-On, Reuven Paamoni, Avi Shaf, Omer Levbi, Udi Yoshua,  
MS AMALIA June 1967 Temporarily leased from a Greek owner during Six Day War R/H Rami Zolberg  
INS Bat Yam (T-83) 1968– Originally a Dutch merchant ship, displacement 1250 tons, speed 10 knots, shot down an Egyptian plane during the Yom Kippur war. Sailed to South Africa and refueled a pair of Saar 2 ships in Operation Beauty Rabbi Uzi Tzulof, Rabbi Aharon Marni, Mike Elder, David Atzmon, Moshe ben-Yashi, David ben Bashat, Yehoshua Marom, Raphael Zandberg  
INS Bat Galim (T-81) 1968–1970 Originally a Dutch merchant ship, length 80 m, width 16 m, displacement 2500 tons, speed 9 knots, crew 35 people, sunk by Egyptian commandos in the port of Eilat Major Zeev Ariel  
3 American LSM tank landing amphibious craft Length 60 meters, width 10 meters, displacement 1095 tons, 2 propellers, 12.5 knots. Capable of sailing in the open seas that saw use in the World War. The tank deck is above the waterline, a high ratio of engine power to thrust, powerful pumps for transferring water to the bow tanks, a sharp bow front door and a separate long drawbridge.  
INS Ofir (F-91) 1970–1976 Yom Kippur War Arie Marmari, Yigal Bar Yosef, Zev Goldatsky, Moti Michaeli Raphael Zandberg  
INS Sheba (P-93) 1970–1976 Uri Sela  
INS Tarshish (P-95) 1970–1973 Later used as a housing unit  
INS Bat Sheva (F-57) June 1969 – 1990 Length 95 meters, width 11.5 meters, displacement 1892 tons, 4 propellers, 11 Nozaite connection. Carrying capacity of 12 tanks Centaurion tanks in the warehouse deck and 24 APCs M-113 in the upper deck. Transported many forces during the 1982 Lebanon War. After retirement it was sunk in a naval exercise Zvi Givati, Shaul Horev, Mike Elder, Chaim Geva, Aryeh Marmari, Yossi Levy, Marom Yehoshua, Mordechai Dekel, Danny Carmeli, Gershon Neve, Aharon Shapir, Yitzchak Cremona  
Gal-Noa A\M Dan 1970 Exercises  
INS Bat Galim 2 March 1978 – Made in Japan, 96 m, width 19 m, 12 knots. Engaged in Operation Moshe and landed an armored combat vehicle in the 1982 Lebanon War Major Aryeh Gabish, Major Ilan Bokhris, Major Uzi Tishel, Major Rafi Binyamin  
A/M Yasmin Participated in 1982 Lebanon war for the landing of an artillery group in the port of Beirut[6] Lt. Col. Udi Aral, R/H Micha Zand, Eli Yaffe  
INS Nachshon August 2023 – present[7] Israel-Hamas war  
INS Kommiat June 2024 – present[8]

History

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Establishment

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Before the Israeli War of Independence the Palmach submitted a proposal to David Ben-Gurion in which the duties of the Israeli Navy were defined including amphibious assaults, reinforcement of operations, protection of coastal settlements, transportation of landing troops and vehicles, supply of fuel and equipment were included for which a specialised landing unit "Shayetet 11" was established.[9]

Israeli War of Independence

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Supply missions

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During the war, Nahariya was cut off from the rest of Israeli territory so the supply of troops and equipment to the isolated area was carried out by sea. On May 12–13, 1948, the 22nd Battalion of the Carmeli Brigade was transferred from the Port of Haifa to Nahariya. In addition, about 15 tons of supplies were transferred for the Hanita and Mitzva settlements, 3 tons of explosives and ammunition, 1000 gallons of gasoline and medical supplies. On May 14/15, 300 women and children, who were evacuated from the Western Galilee were evacuated to Haifa by the Flotilla.[10]

Operation Ben Ami

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Operation Ben-Ami began on the night of May 14, 1948 with the occupation of Tel Acre. This occupation allowed the passage of the convoy that left the Ein al-Faretz to the north. The naval force of the Flotilla (transporting 22nd battalion of Carmeli Brigade) landed at 02:30 on the beach of Shebi Zion and began to attack the village of Samaria from the north. In the morning the force arrived at Nahariya. From there the force continued to the village of Aziv which was captured.[11][12]

Operation Kathreil

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This operation was a planned naval landing on the coast of Lebanon. The operation was set to take place on June 9, 1948. On June 10, the troops boarded INS Hana Sanesh and set sail. When they were close to the target location in Lebanon, a cancellation order was received due to a truce about to take effect.[13]

Operation Death to the Invader

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During the Operation Death to the Invader Israel Defense Forces attacked Beit 'Affa by a company of the Flotilla and 54th battalion of the Givati Brigade. The naval unit advanced through a wadi from the north, hoping to surprise the Egyptians, but were in fact spotted while preparing to set up. At midnight, they emerged and attacked in two prongs, and despite heavy fire, managed to capture a frontal position and pushed ahead to the center of the village, setting up there and exchanging fire with the Egyptians.[14]

Operation Horev

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During Operation Horev a battalion of the Golani Brigade and personnel from Shayetet 11 launched a diversionary attack on positions near the Gaza-Rafah road, however the vessels of Shayetet 11 were not used and instead rubber boats were used due to convert nature of the operation.[15][16]

Operation Olive Leaves

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During Operation Olive Leaves, Aharon Davidi's 771 Reserve Paratrooper Battalion as well as units from the Nahal Brigade and Givati Brigade commenced their attack. The complex operation involved a two-column attack from the north and south, which included both infantry and armored vehicles, as well as an amphibious assault conducted by troops of the Flotilla who crossed the sea by boat.[17][18][19]

Suez Crisis

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Operation Kadesh

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During Operation Kadesh, three amphibious vehicles were sent from Eilat to Sharm-e-Sheikh with AMX-13 tanks on them . Additional landings took place on the Gaza and Sinai coasts for logistical purposes including the seizure of an Egyptian MiG-15 that landed in Lake Bardawil.

Battle of the Chinese Farm

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During the Battle of the Chinese Farm Matt's brigade began moving to Tasa at 4:30 pm on October 15, before turning eastwards on Akavish. The paratrooper brigade faced problems in acquiring the boats and transports assigned to it. But they ultimately had to use the flotilla boats.[20]

Construction of new vessels

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Before the Six Day War, the Flotilla acquired new vessels from the budget allocated by the Finance ministry,[21] following vessels were acquired

  • INS Etzion Gebr (P-51) on March 2, 1962. First Commander Captain Yitzhak (Ike) Aharonovich .
  • INS Caesarea (P-53) on October 15, 1964. First commander Yaakov Nitzan.
  • INS Shikmona (P-55) on May 13, 1965.
  • INS Ashdod (P-61) on March 23, 1967, its first commander was Major Yosef Harari, who was the commander of naval voyages.
  • INS Ashkelon (F-63) on May 19, 1967, its first commander was Ya'akov Nitzan .
  • INS Akziv (P-65) on August 1, 1967, its first commander was Major Shmuel Shabach.

Prelude to Six Day War

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Before the Six Day War the AMX-13 tanks were placed on the south coast and moved to the north of the gulf. The Flotilla vessels were also brought ashore and hidden in a wadi behind the base.[22]

Six Day war

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During the Six Day War, the Flotilla in the Gulf of Eilat accompanied the Paratroopers Brigade on its way south, provided cover and even landed tanks in the Gulf of Sharm el-Sheikh.[23]

War of Attrition

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Operation Raviv

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During Operation Raviv "Pinko" Harel's small force of about a hundred men, six Tiran 5s and three BTR-50s, landed on the Egyptian coast at 03:37AM on the morning of September 9. Delivered by three vessels of the Flotilla to a beachhead secured by Shayetet 13, Harel's force landed at El Hafair, 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Suez and 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the anchorage at Ras Sadat.[24] Laden with extra fuel and ammunition supplied by the Flotilla, the force headed south, wreaking havoc behind Egyptian lines and attacking installations along the way. The first of these was the Egyptian Army camp and radar site at Abu Darag, which by 07:17 had been secured.[25][26]

Eilat raid

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In 1970, Egyptian naval commando carried out a sabotage operation at Eilat Naval Base and damaged a vessel of the Flotilla INS Bat Sheva lander sank the INS Bat Galim.

Yom Kippur War

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Operation Lady

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The Flotilla participated in the Operation Lady. On October 16, 1973, a group of Flotilla vessels led the Shayetet 13 to attack Port Said. The operation was carried out successfully and multiple Egyptian vessels were damaged or destroyed.[27]

Operation Green light

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The Flotilla participated in the Operation Green Light which was to carry out an amphibious landing on Egyptian Red Sea coast but the operation was aborted mid way.[28]

Operation Abirey-Halev

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During the Operation Abirey-Halev, On the night of 15 October, 750 personnel of Colonel Matt's 55th Paratroopers Brigade crossed the canal in rubber dinghies.[29] They were soon joined by tanks and additional infantry transported via the vessels of the Flotilla. The force encountered no resistance initially and fanned out in raiding parties, attacking supply convoys, SAM sites, logistic centers and anything else of military value, with priority given to the SAMs. Attacks on SAM sites punched a hole in the Egyptian anti-aircraft screen and enabled the IAF to strike Egyptian ground targets more aggressively.[30][31]

Operation Birds of Eden

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Three vessels of the Flotilla were transferred from Ashdod Naval Base to Eilat Naval Base by circumnavigating around Africa, It was codenamed "Operation Birds of Eden". The first vessel left on August 20, 1974, and the last arrived on October 30, 1974.[32]

Prelude to the first Lebanon War

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The flotilla vessels participated in the Lebanese Civil War to supply weapons and ammunition to the Christian phalanges forces in Lebanon usually by landing to the port of Jounieh.

Operation Litani

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The flotilla took part in 1978 South Lebanon conflict against militants on the northern shores of Lebanon, without landing troops. The vessels were used as carrier platform for helicopters that attacked targets on the Lebanese coast.[33]

1982 Lebanon War

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The flotilla participated in the 1982 Lebanon War. On June 6, 1982, Israeli forces under direction of Defense Minister Ariel Sharon launched a three-pronged invasion of southern Lebanon in "Operation Peace for Galilee". Roughly 60,000 troops and more than 800 tanks, heavily supported by aircraft, attack helicopters, artillery, and missile boats, crossed the Israel–Lebanon border in three areas. Simultaneously, Israeli armor, paratroopers, and naval commandos set sail in amphibious landing ships from Ashdod Naval Base towards the Lebanese coast north of Sidon. Israel's publicly stated objective was to push PLO forces back 40 kilometers (25 mi) to the north.[34] An Israeli amphibious operation was conducted north of Sidon, beginning with a diversionary bombardment of targets away from the landing zone by missile boats and aircraft. Two groups of commandos from the Shayetet 13 naval commando unit then came ashore to probe enemy defenses and secure the landing site, one of which swam to the mouth of the Awali River and another which came ashore on the landing beach in rubber dinghies. After a brief gunbattle with armed Palestinians, the main landings began, with paratroopers coming ashore in rubber dinghies to establish a beachhead followed by three landing craft that unloaded troops and armor. Over the following days, the three landing ships moved between Israel and Lebanon, shuttling more troops and armor onto the beachhead.[35][36][34]

Specialised units

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Givati Brigade and a battalion from Golani Brigade were specially trained to act along with flotilla in wartime situations. They were given necessary training to transfer armoured vehicles as well as to assist in transport of tanks.

Dismantling of flotilla

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In August 1993 all of flotilla vessels were taken out of service as they were deemed vulnerable and State-of-the-art fast landing craft were not defined as an operational necessity. So, some were sold to Eritrea while rest were sunk in naval exercises.

Re-establishment

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In May 2022 it was announced that the Navy decided to re-establish the amphibious fleet, following this the IDF held an amphibious landing exercise in Cyprus[37] and purchased two LSV vessels which will be used by the Israeli Navy to conduct amphibious landings as well as to transport supplies.[1]

The flotilla is operated from Ashdod Naval Base.[1] The first amphibious vehicle, INS Nachshon, was delivered to the Navy in August 2023.[7] The second landing vessel, INS Kommiat, arrived in Israel in June 2024.[38] The squadron became fully operational in 2024 and participated in Israel Hamas war.

Commanders

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It is usually commanded by a single commander but from 1967 to 1978, the command was distributed between two sectors, one housed at Ashdod Naval Base while second at Eilat Naval Base. The dual command was abolished in 1978.

Ashdod (Main) Command
Name Service Note Photo
Israel Auerbach 1948–1949 Establishment
Yitzhak Gazit 1953–1955
Yehuda ben-Zur 1955–1956 Suez crisis
Gap in command 1957–1964 The flotilla was closed
Baruch Brushi 1964–1967 Six Day War
Yosef Harari 1966–1967
Shmuel Shabach 1967–1968 Command split
Aryeh Shafer 1968–1970 War of Attrition and integration of helicopters
Musa Levy 1970–1972
Haim Raz 1972 – December 1973 Yom Kippur war
Mike Elder December 1973 - August 1974 Operation Bids of Eden
Yosef Yohanan 1974
Micha Zand September 1974 – May 1975
Yigal Bar-Yosef June 1975 – 1977 Aid operations for the Lebanese forces including landings on the beaches of Jounieh and in towing barges loaded with ammunition.
Emmanuel Dror 1977–1978 The construction of Bas Dafna
Haim Lahav 1978–1981
Mike Elder 1982 – July 1983 Second term, 1982 Lebanon war
Jacob Reva April–July 1983
Dodo Iber July 1983 – August 1985
Isaiah Patuka August 1985 – September 1987 Integration of Givati Brigade
Rafi Binyamin September 1987 – June 1989
Yigal Bar Yosef July 1989 – 1992
Emmanuel Avraham 1992 – August 1993 Closure
Red Sea Command (1967–1978)
Name Service Note Photo
Major Shmuel Shabach June–August 1967 Establishment
Major Yosef Harari August 1967 –
Major Miki Ra'anan April–December 1968
Zev Yehezkali 1969–1972 The War of Attrition and Operation Raviv
Haim Geva 1972–1973
Yossi Levy 1973–1974 Yom Kippur War
Musa Levy 1974 Operation Birds of Eden
Marom Yehoshua 1976–1977
Mordechai Dekal 1977-1978 Abolishment

References

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  1. ^ a b c Lilach Shovel (23 May 2022). "חיזוק דרמטי ליכולת הצבאית מהים: ישראל רכשה שתי ספינות תקיפה אמפיביות מארה"ב". Israel Hayom (in Hebrew).
  2. ^ "בפרק מורשת - הנחיתות". Navy Association(Israel).
  3. ^ "נחתת וספינת רקטות INS Af Al Pi Chen]". HSNA. Archived from the original on 2023-04-17. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
  4. ^ "סיוע לחטיבה 9". Israeli Navy.
  5. ^ "אחרי 54 שנה: הנחתת הראשונה עגנה בלטרון". Ynet (in Hebrew).
  6. ^ Amir Rappaport (2012). "האגדה שהגיעה מהים". Timid Gunner. 51: 64–69.
  7. ^ a b "התקיים טקס מסירת הנחתת הראשונה - אח"י נחשון". Israel Defense Forces (in Hebrew).
  8. ^ X (formerly Twitter) https://x.com/idfonline/status/1802319333005115530?t=Cqyk835PaUfhwnVM1hHFvg&s=19. Retrieved 2024-06-16. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ Eliezer Tal. Navy Operations in the War of Independence (in Hebrew). p. 51. landings from them to the rear of the Arab force, the perception of the Harbia area as the exit of the Negev to the sea, the perception of the Strait of Aqaba and its port. In the neighboring countries, damage to transportation arteries along the coast, damage to supply bases for equipment and fuel, as well as protection of the coastal settlements in need (translated from Hebrew)
  10. ^ Hillel Yarkoni (2005). Qualifying Ships from A to Z (in Hebrew). Govinim Publishing House. p. 114.
  11. ^ Zadok Eshel (28 April 1963). "the operation that returned the Western Galilee to Israel" (in Hebrew). NLI.
  12. ^ "Acre was conquered" (in Hebrew). NLI. 14 May 1948.
  13. ^ "מבצע כתריאל והניה חנה סנש". 22nd Battalion website (in Hebrew). 28 April 2011.
  14. ^ Yitzhaki, Aryeh (1988). A Guide to War Monuments and Sites in Israel (in Hebrew). Vol. 2 (south). Barr Publishers. p. 46.
  15. ^ Kimche, Jon; Kimche, David (1960). A Clash of Destinies. The Arab-Jewish War and the Founding of the State of Israel. Frederick A. Praeger. p. 260. LCCN 60-6996. OCLC 1348948.
  16. ^ Hertzog, p. 100. Maps pp. 99, 101.
  17. ^ Almog, Orna: Britain, Israel and the United States, 1955-1958: Beyond Suez
  18. ^ P. R. Kumaraswamy, The A to Z of the Arab-Israeli conflict, Scarcrow Press, Inc. (2006) p. 146
  19. ^ Tyler, Patrick: Fortress Israel: The Inside Story of the Military Elite Who Run the Country--and Why They Can't Make Peace
  20. ^ Hammad (2002), pp.301–302
  21. ^ Mike Elder. Shayetet 11. pp. 114–116.
  22. ^ David Maguri pp.77-80
  23. ^ Oren, Michael B. (2002). Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515174-9.
  24. ^ Aloni 2001, pp. 63–64.
  25. ^ "The War And The Woman". Time Magazine. September 19, 1969. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  26. ^ Gawrych 2000, p. 111.
  27. ^ "Attack on Port Said - Operation Lady". Navy Association (Israel) (in Hebrew).
  28. ^ "מבצע "ירוק-בהיר" - שלבי נוהל הקרב ודיוני הצוות" (PDF). IDF archive file (in Hebrew). archive number: 1041/1984/540
  29. ^ Rabinovich, pp. 374–375.
  30. ^ Rabinovich, pp. 389–391.
  31. ^ Eitan Haber; Zev Schiff; Danny Asher. The War. Yedioth Ahronoth Publishing House. p. 39.
  32. ^ "Operation 'Bird of Eden' - circumnavigation of Africa". Navy Association (Israel) (in Hebrew). August 20, 1974.
  33. ^ Fisk, Robert (2002). Pity the Nation: The Abduction of Lebanon. Nation Books. ISBN 978-1-56025-442-3.
  34. ^ a b Davis; H. Thomas. 40 Km into Lebanon: Israel's 1982 Invasion.
  35. ^ Mommsen, Klaus: 60 Years Israel Navy: Chel Ha'Yam Ha'Yisraeli
  36. ^ Morris; Benny. Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1998.
  37. ^ Fabian, Emanuel (2 June 2022). "In Cyprus, IDF runs drills for potential war with Hezbollah, Lebanon ground assault". The Times Of Israel. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  38. ^ "x.com". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 2024-06-16.

Sources

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