Secularism in Georgia was most popular in the 20th century when the country was part of the Soviet Union. In the 21st century, secular and non-religious currents have seen a precipitous decline due to the rising number of people practicing the Georgian Orthodox Church.[1] Article 9 of the current Constitution of Georgia provides for complete freedom of belief and religion. It also recognizes the "special role ... in the history of Georgia" of the Georgian Orthodox Church, but stipulates that the GOC shall be independent of the state.[2] A special Concordat (legal agreement) between the Georgian state and the GOC was ratified in 2002, giving the GOC a special legal status and rights not given to other religious groups—including legal immunity for the Georgian Orthodox Patriarch, exemption from military service for GOC clergy, and a consultative role in education and other aspects of the government.[3]
Sex and childbearing out of wedlock
editAccording to a 2015 statistically sampled opinion research, 37% of the Georgian population thought that childbearing by women outside of wedlock (a sin for most traditional faiths in Georgia) was sometimes or always justified.[4] Georgian public opinion on the matter of pre-marital sex (also a sin for traditional faiths in Georgia), showed different levels of tolerance for women and men: 23% of the public thought that female pre-marital sex was sometimes or always justified,[5] but a higher 55% thought the same about male pre-marital sex.[6]
Abortion
editAlthough the Georgian Orthodox Church views abortion as a "terrible sin",[7] and 69% of Georgians say they can never justify abortion,[8] as of 2005 a Georgian woman was estimated to have an average of three abortions in her lifetime.[9] In recent years, the abortion rates have been somewhat reduced, but due to the increase in the use of contraception among Georgians, which the Church also condemns.[10]
Homosexuality
editGeorgian population maintains negative views about homosexuality. However according to a 2013 statistically sampled survey of Tbilisi on the subject of anti-gay violence, 87% of residents said that violence is "always unacceptable" and 91% agreed that "everyone should be equal before the law - including the clergy". At the same time, 57% thought that clergy who participated in violence against LGBT persons should not face trial. 40% of respondents disagreed with the notion that church should be intolerant towards sexual minorities, 45% agreed with church intolerance of sexual minorities, while 15% were uncertain. 57% stated that the successful organization of a peaceful demonstration marking the annual IDAHOT would endanger Georgia in some way.[11] According to 2011 social attitude questionnaires, homosexuals remained one of the most disliked groups in society – with most respondents preferring an alcoholic rather than homosexual colleague at work.[12] According to the same questionnaires, an estimated 91.5 percent of Georgians think that homosexuality is "completely unacceptable".[13]
Challenges to secular governance
editArticle 9 of the current Constitution of Georgia guarantees "complete freedom of belief and religion". While recognizing the "special role ... in the history of Georgia" of the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC), the Church remains separate from the State.[2] A special Concordat (legal agreement) between the Georgian state and the GOC was ratified in 2002, giving the GOC special legal rights not given to other religious groups—including immunity for the Georgian Orthodox Patriarch, exemption from military service for GOC clergy, and a consultative role in education and other aspects of the government.
In December 2015, the head of the GOC Ilia II stated that he would like to have the power to grant pardons to individuals convicted of crimes, which is a power afforded by the Georgian Constitution only to the President. The proposal caused a backlash among Georgian civil society groups, who warned against creeping "theocracy". The Speaker of the Parliament David Usupashvili politely dismissed the Patriarch's idea, saying that issuing pardons and forgiving sins are two separate matters and that legal pardons are a prerogative of the Head of State.[14] Following the backlash, the GOC backtracked Patriarch's request for pardon powers, saying that it was made after meeting with prison inmates in a "very emotional" atmosphere and that the idea was to be taken as an expression of compassion towards the inmates, and "not as a demand to discuss this proposal at a legislative level".[15]
In 2013, the GOC unsuccessfully lobbied the Georgian government to ban abortions, which it described as a "terrible sin" and "heinous murder", while blaming it for the supposed "grave demographic situation" in the country. Georgia's then Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili brushed off the proposal, stating that solving demographic problems "first and foremost needs economic development".[7]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Georgia: Faith Is the Fashion, as Church Influence Soars Eurasianet, 10 February 2009
- ^ a b "Constitution of Georgia (in English)" (PDF). Parliament of Georgia. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report for 2012: Georgia". United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ^ Knowledge and attitudes toward the EU in Georgia, 2015 : woman bearing a child without marriage (%), Caucasus Research Resource Centers, Retrieved: 30 December 2015
- ^ Knowledge and attitudes toward the EU in Georgia, 2015 : woman having sex before marriage (%), Caucasus Research Resource Centers, Retrieved: 30 December 2015
- ^ Knowledge and attitudes toward the EU in Georgia, 2015 : man having sex before marriage (%), Caucasus Research Resource Centers, Retrieved: 30 December 2015
- ^ a b Georgian Orthodox Church Calls for Anti-Abortion Law, Civil Georgia 7 December 2016
- ^ Caucasus Barometer 2013 Georgia: Always justified/never justified: Having an abortion (%), Caucasus Research Resource Centers, Retrieved: 30 December 2015
- ^ Georgians Wrestle With Abortion Issue As Gender Imbalance Grows, RFERL, 8 May 2013
- ^ Haley Edwards, From Abortion to Contraception, New York Times, 20 July 2012
- ^ Survey on the May 17th Events in Tbilisi, Caucasus Research Resource Centers, 26 August 2013
- ^ Lomsadze, Giorgi. Georgia: Time for Homosexuality to Come Out of the Closet? EurasiaNet.Org. Published:15 February 2011. Retrieved:25 June 2011
- ^ "Georgia: Time for Homosexuality to Come Out of the Closet?". EurasiaNet.org. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
- ^ Parliament Speaker Comments on Patriarch’s Request on Pardon Powers, Civil Georgia 6 December 2015
- ^ Georgian Church ‘Explains’ Patriarch’s Remarks on Pardon Powers, Civil Georgia 7 December 2015