The Science of Identity Foundation (SIF) is a new religious movement that professes to combine some teachings of yoga with aspects of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology. It was founded by Chris Butler in the 1970s, and is based in the US state of Hawaii. Its condemnation of homosexuality and hostility toward Islam have been heavily criticised.
| Abbreviation | SIF |
|---|---|
| Founder | Chris Butler (aka Siddhaswarupananda Paramahamsa) |
| Founded at | Hawaii, United States |
| Type | Religious organization; 501(c)3 organization |
| 99-0177647 | |
| Purpose | Educational, Philanthropic, Religious studies, Spirituality |
| Headquarters | Honolulu, Hawaii, United States |
Region served | Worldwide |
| Services | Yoga classes |
| Website | scienceofidentity |
Formerly called | Hari Nama Society Holy Name Society |
History
editChris Butler, son of a communist, anti-war activist, had entered the 1960s counterculture while enrolled at the University of Hawaiʻi.[1][2] Soon, he joined the burgeoning Hare-Krishna movement as a guru, with the name Sai Young, and soon got a group of disciples.[1][3]
After being publicly denounced by Swami Prabhupada, the leading exponent of the movement in U.S.A, Butler joined the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), and received the name Siddhaswarupananda Paramahamsa.[4][2][5] Within a few years, their relationship had soured as Butler deviated from ISKCON's ways, choosing to marry and allowing his disciples to keep their heads unshaved.[4][2] After the death of Prabhupada in 1977, Butler broke away from ISKCON and founded SIF, then known as the Hari Nama (lit. Holy Name) Society.[6] Simultaneously, he began to deemphasize ISKCON's rigid adherence to Vaishnava texts and promoted a range of eclectic views.[1][4]
In 1976, Butler's disciples launched a new political party — called the Independents for Godly Government — presenting themselves as a "multifaith coalition of conservative-minded reformers", and ran for the House of Representatives and Mayoral elections; the candidates did not disclose their links with Butler and explicitly claimed to have no affiliation with any religious organization including the Hare Krishna faith.[1] The party was funded by a variety of businesses, including two local newspapers and a health-food store chain, run by the disciples themselves.[7]
In the 1980s, he ran a late-night television show called "Chris Butler Speaks" on Channel 13.[8] Since the 90s, Butler has kept a low profile, rarely speaking in public; in 2017, The New Yorker reported that Butler presents himself less as a Hare Krishna dissident and more as a member of a worldwide Vaishnava movement.[1] Butler's wife Wai Lana has received acclaim for popularizing yoga through the Wai Lana Yoga show; in 2016, she was conferred with the Padma Shri award by the Government of India.[9]
Theology
editThe organization combines the teaching of yoga with aspects of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology.[6] Followers must practice vegetarianism and are not allowed to gamble, smoke, drink alcohol, take drugs or have ‘‘illicit sex".[8]
Butler's teachings included condemnation of homosexuality,[1][4] hostility towards Islam, and skepticism of science.[10] The New Yorker notes that Butler's teachings from the 1980s assert that engaging in bisexual relations would lead to pedophilia and bestiality.[1]
Multiple ex-members of SIF have described it as a "cult"; Butler was "akin to a God" and not willing to be questioned.[4][10][11] They note Butler to have regularly engaged in mocking his devotees, publicly; it was said to be "a form of Krishna’s mercy".[2]
Butler denies these allegations;[1][4] he had threatened to sue the Honolulu Star-Advertiser when it planned to publish accounts of ex-followers in 2019.[12]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Sanneh, Kelefa (October 30, 2017). "What Does Tulsi Gabbard Believe?". New Yorker. Archived from the original on June 7, 2020. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Howley, Kerry (June 11, 2019). "Tulsi Gabbard Had a Very Strange Childhood". New York. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
- ^ Wright, Walter (August 22, 1977). "Rebel against power trips. Chris Butler, maverick --with 1,000 followers. Hawaii's other Krishnas". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. p. 1. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e f Han, Yoonji (October 18, 2022). "Tulsi Gabbard's ties to the Science of Identity Foundation, a controversial religious sect that some call an abusive 'cult'". Insider. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
- ^ McMaster University; Lagace, Marc Lodge Andrew (May 2024). ""Mother of Yoga": Zhang Huilan, Chris Butler, and the Popularization of Yoga in the People's Republic of China". Journal of Yoga Studies. 5: 39–67. doi:10.34000/JoYS.2024.V5.002.
- ^ a b Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). "Siddhaswarupananda, Jagad Guru". Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. pp. 411–412. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9.
[Butler] remained with ISKCON until after Prabhupada died in 1977. [...] He founded the Science of Identity Foundation as a vehicle to facilitate his teachings. [...] The Science of Identity Foundation (originally the Hari Nama or Holy Name Society) is located in Honolulu, Hawaii.
- ^ Friedrich, Pieter (August 1, 2019). "How the American Sangh built up Tulsi Gabbard". caravanmagazine.in. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
- ^ a b Christensen, John (November 23, 1982). "Chris Butler: About this guru business". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. B-1.
- ^ Sarbacker, Stuart Ray (2021). Tracing the Path of Yoga: The History and Philosophy of Indian Mind-Body Discipline. State University of New York Press. ISBN 9781438481210.
- ^ a b Hurley, Bevan (October 16, 2022). "Tulsi Gabbard's ties to secretive cult may explain her perplexing political journey". The Independent. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
- ^ Wiseman, Oliver (October 29, 2019). "Whose side is Tulsi Gabbard on?". The Critic Magazine. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
- ^ Cocke, Sophie (January 27, 2019). "Chris Butler and Science of Identity Foundation criticize media, decline interviews". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
External links
edit- Official website
- "Science of Identity Foundation Internal Revenue Service filings". ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.
