Malik Saddu Khan or Sado Khan was a Pashtun figure, and the ancestor of the Saddozai clan, which is a branch of the Abdali confederation. Ahmad Shah Abdali belonged to the lineage of Sado, alongside some known families of Multan and others settled throughout Afghanistan and Pakistan.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
He succeeded his father as chief of the Habibzai section of the tribe, but due to his "bravery and ability" he was selected by the Abdalis (later known as Durrani), then living between Kandahar and Herat, to be their overall leader in 1598.[8]
Saddu Khan | |
|---|---|
| Born | 11 October 1558 |
| Died | 18 March 1627 |
Shadi Khan, the governor of the Emperor Akbar at Kandahar, was hostile to Saddu Khan, resulting in Saddu supporting the rivaling Abbas I of Persia, whom had previously lost Kandahar in 1594 to the Mughals and was intriguing for its recovery. This culminated in the Safavid recapture of Kandahar in 1621, in which Saddu aided Abbas. As a reward for his services, he was declared the titular ruler of Kandahar. Saddu Khan died in 1626 leaving five sons, from whom descended the Saddozai (sons of Sado).[8][9]
The descendants of Saddu Khan are the "Saddozai", the clan to which Ahmad Shah Durrani, Timur Shah, Zaman Shah, Hassan Javaid Khan and Shuja Shah Durrani belonged. Ahmad Shah Durrani founded the Durrani Empire, which the Saddozais ruled until their expulsion from power and subsequent replacement by Dost Mohammad Khan of the Barakzai.[8][10]
He has been wrongly called 'Asadullah Khan' or 'Saadullah Khan' by some historians, but his real name was 'Saddu Khan'.[11]
The country's Sadhus (Sadhuzai) in the eyes of registered Sadhanuti
editHistorian Yusuf Khan Abakhil Saduzai writes in his famous contemporary book (Register Sadhnoti) that many authors have incorrectly written the date of birth of Malik Sadu, the ancestor of the Saduzai tribe. He writes that these historians have written the date of birth of Malik Sadu bin Umar as 1558 and have listed him as the sixteenth descendant of Qais Abdul Rashid, who was born in 575. There is no doubt that all historians, whether Pakhtun or non-Pakhtun, have unanimously recognized Malik Saddo, the ancestor of the Sadozai tribes, as the sixteenth descendant of Qais Abdul Rashid. This lineage has been accepted because Malik Saddo bin Umar's genealogy is perfectly aligned with the standards of human reasoning, logic, science, sociology, and genealogy. According to this lineage, Qais Abdul Rashid, who was born in 575 AD, has Malik Saddo, the ancestor of the Sadozai tribes, born as his sixteenth descendant. This genealogy is out- lined as follows:
- 1. Qais Abdul Rashid,
- 2. Satarbin,
- 3. Khurushbun (Khairuddin),
- 4. Tarin,
- 5. Abdal,
- 6. Zakhtar,
- 7. Isa,
- 8. Zirk,
- 9. Popal,
- 10. Habib,
- 11. Bami,
- 12. Gani,
- 13. Bahlul,
- 14. Maroof Khan,
- 15. Umar,
- 16. Malik Saddo
From this genealogy, it is clear that Malik Saddo, the ancestor of the Sadozai tribes, was born as the sixteenth descendant of Qais Abdul Rashid. All historians, especially those who have written the genealogy of Malik Saddo, the ancestor of the Sadozai tribe, in their books agree on this. After this, the birthdate of Malik Saddo was written as 1558, which indicates that these historians are unaware of the science of human genealogy. These historians have mistakenly mixed Malik Saddo, the ancestor of the Sadozai tribes, who was born in 1078, with a fictional governor of Safa Malik Saddo, whose birthdate is 1558. This claim by these historians contradicts the scientific principles of human genealogy in a funny manner.
According to science, it takes at least 78 years for three generations to pass, with a maximum of 96 years required. Let's test human genealogy with a scientific principle by giving an example. Suppose a person named Malik Abdullah is born in 2020, marries at the age of 24 in 2046, and has a son named Abdullah | in 2047. In 2072, Abdullah | marry at the age of 25, and a year later, in 2073, Abdullah Il is born. In 2098, Abdullah II marries at the age of 25 and has a son named Abdullah Ill in 2099. The genealogy would be like this: 1. Abdullah Ill, son of, 2. Abdullah Il, son of, 3. Abdullah I, son of, 4. Malik Abdullah
In this genealogy, Abdullah Ill enters the third generation after Malik Abdullah and the fourth generation afterward, but by genealogical principles, Abdullah Ill will be counted in the third generation. From this, it is evident that the period from Malik Abdullah, born in 2020, to Abdullah Ill is 79 years. This is the "scientific principle of human genealogy,’ showing that three generations can easily come into existence within 79 years. This is why expert genealogists have set the minimum duration of three generations from one person at 70 years and the maximum at 96 years.
Based on this scientific standard, if we consider the 575 AD birthdate of Qais Abdul Rashid and apply a 96-year limit per three generations up to Malik Saddo, the ancestor of the Sadozai tribe, it still turns out that the combined age of sixteen generations from Qais Abdul Rashid to Malik Saddo is 505 years, which is the maximum stated. Therefore, according to the scientific standard of human genealogy, Malik Saddo bin Umar, the ancestor of the Sadozai tribes, who is the sixteenth descendant of Qais Abdul Rashid, cannot have been born in 1558. Readers of this book can estimate the period from their great-grandfather to themselves, as no one can be more than 70, 80, 90, 96, or at most 100 years younger than their great-grandfather's father (i.e., their great-great-grandfather). Hence, if we apply a 100-year limit per three generations from Qais Abdul Rashid's birthdate of 575 AD to Malik Saddo, the ancestor of the Sadozai tribe, it still turns out that Malik Saddo, the ancestor of the Sadozai tribes, would have been born 525 years later, making his birthdate 1100 AD, which can be consistent with science, sociology, human genealogy, and logic. However, a birth date of 1558 AD is unreasonable, as it is impossible for someone born in 575 AD to have a descendant in the sixteenth generation born in 1558. Therefore, according to the writings of historian Sardar Suba Khan in the book "Maakhaz-e-Sudhnoti," the birth date of Malik Saddo bin Umar, the ancestor of Afghan Nawab Jassi Khan Abdal Sadozai, as 1078 AD is correct and accurate in every respect. [12]
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References
edit- ^ Rashid, Haroon (2002). History of the Pathans. p. 136.
- ^ Alexei, Voskressenski (19 May 2017). Is Non-western Democracy Possible?: A Russian Perspectiveedited. World Scientific. p. 303. ISBN 9789813147393.
- ^ Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, Volumes 1-2. Pakistan: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research. 1980. pp. 10, 19.
- ^ Rashid, Haroon (2008). History of the Pathans: The Ghurghushti, Beitani and Matti tribes of Pathans.
- ^ (India), Punjab (1902). Gazetteer of the Multan District.
- ^ Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 1991. p. 111.
- ^ Saddozai, Sardar Ahmad Shah Jan (2015). Afghanistan Saddozai Kings and Viziers 1747–1842. Austin Macauley Publishers Limited. ISBN 9781849633222.
- ^ a b c Sir Lepel Henry Griffin (1890). The Panjab chiefs: historical and biographical notices of the principal families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi divisions of the Panjab. pp. 74–. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ Saddozai, Sardar Ahmad Shah Jan (2015). Afghanistan Saddozai Kings and Viziers 1747–1842. Austin Macauley Publishers Limited. p. 21. ISBN 9781849633222.
The Persian ruler Shah Abbas in 1621 made Malik Asadullah Khan, ('Saddo'), of the Abdali tribe, the titular head in return for services around Qandahar. The children of Asadullah Khan were later called Saddozai ('zai' meaning 'son of').
- ^ Saddozai, Sardar Ahmad Shah Jan (2015). Afghanistan Saddozai Kings and Viziers 1747–1842. Austin Macauley Publishers Limited. ISBN 9781849633222.
- ^ Pakistan Journal of History and Culture. National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research. 1980.
- ^ Yousuf Khan Abakhel Sadozai (2025-01-10). Register Sudhnoti English Version.