SCORE (Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment) was the world's first purpose-built communications satellite. Launched aboard an American Atlas rocket on December 18, 1958, SCORE provided the second test of a communications relay system in space (the first having been provided by the USAF/NASA's Pioneer 1),[3] the first broadcast of a human voice from space, and the first successful use of the Atlas as a launch vehicle. It captured world attention by broadcasting a Christmas message via shortwave radio from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower through an on-board tape recorder.[4] The satellite was popularly dubbed "The Talking Atlas"[5] as well as "Chatterbox".[6] SCORE, as a geopolitical strategy, placed the United States at an even technological par with the Soviet Union as a highly functional response to the Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 satellites.
 The Atlas-B with SCORE on the launch pad; the rocket (without booster engines) constituted the satellite. | |
| Mission type | Communications |
|---|---|
| Operator | U.S. Army / ARPA |
| Harvard designation | 1958 Zeta 1 |
| COSPAR ID | 1958-006A |
| SATCAT no. | 00010 |
| Mission duration | 12 days |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Manufacturer | U.S. Army / ARPA |
| Launch mass | 3980 kg [1] |
| Power | Batteries |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 18 December 1958 23:02:00 GMT |
| Rocket | Atlas-B 10B |
| Launch site | Cape Canaveral, LC-11 |
| End of mission | |
| Last contact | 30 December 1958 |
| Decay date | 21 January 1959 |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric[2] |
| Regime | Low Earth |
| Perigee altitude | 185 km |
| Apogee altitude | 1484 km |
| Inclination | 32.3° |
| Period | 101.4 minutes |
| Epoch | 18 December 1958 |
| Instruments | |
| Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay Equipment | |
Background
editThe Air Force had initially proposed using their Atlas Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) as early as 1955, when the United States government was reviewing proposals for an orbital satellite during the International Geophysical Year (IGY). This proposal was rejected because it would redirect resources from the ICBM's development, and it was also feared that the rocket would not be ready in time for the IGY.[7]
SCORE, a six-month effort, was the first endeavor of the then-new Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) headed by Roy Johnson, and proved that a small, highly focused and versatile research group with appropriate resources was an ideal method to achieve the scientific and technological advances necessary to succeed in the emerging global space race.[8]
SCORE's technical objectives were two-fold. In addition to showing that an Atlas missile was capable of satellite payload launch, the payload itself was a hundred times more massive than any previous US satellite. The program demonstrated the feasibility of transmitting messages through the upper atmosphere from one ground station to one or more ground stations. The result of the program, which used both real-time and store and forward techniques, was a major scientific breakthrough which proved that active communications satellites could provide a means of transmitting messages from one point to any other on Earth.[9]
Spacecraft
editThe SCORE (Signal Communication by Orbiting RElay) satellite of the US ARMY was a 24.3 metres (80 ft) long, and 3.1 metres (10 ft) diameter Atlas missile used as a platform for the communications relay experiment. The spacecraft body served as antennae. This satellite was to demonstrate the feasibility and explore problems associated with, operation of a satellite communication system. It carried messages on a tape recorder which was used at one point to carry a Christmas greeting from President Eisenhower. The performance was nominal with experiment operation for 12 days, planned orbit lifetime 20 days, actual orbit lifetime 34 days. The tracking beacon operated at 108 MHz.[1]
The SCORE communications package was designed and built by Kenneth Masterman-Smith, a military communication research engineer, along with other personnel with the U.S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory (SRDL) at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey.[10] The overall program was conducted in such secrecy that only 88 people were aware of its existence. Before the date of the SCORE launch, 53 of the 88 people had been told the program had been canceled and they were not to mention to anyone that it had ever existed. That left only 35 people who knew of the mission of Atlas 10B with the rest of the engineering crew, including the launch crew, under the impression that they were working solely on a test launch of the rocket.[11]: 236 The night before launch, however, Rear Adm. John E. Clark, deputy director of ARPA, was asked at a news conference whether he could deny that Eisenhower's voice was on the recorder. He replied, "No", and news reports that day suggested the voice might well be the president's.[12]
Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay Equipment
editThis first purpose-built communications satellite experiment consisted of 2 identical communications repeater terminals mounted in the guidance pods along the sides of the launch vehicle. The experiment was to test the feasibility and explore problems associated with using satellites for communications purposes. No modulation was received on the carrier wave from experiment package no. 1. Voice and teletype messages were sent and returned in real-time, and also from experiment tape recorder no. 2. The tape recorder was loaded with new material 28 times and failure finally was due to battery depletion. The experiment receiver and transmitter operated on 150 and 132 MHz, respectively.[13] The payload weighed 68 kilograms (150 lb), and was built into the fairing pods of the Atlas missile. Combined weight of the total on-orbit package was 3,980 kilograms (8,770 lb).[1]
Mission
edit
As with Sputnik 1, which was launched by its R-7 Semyorka ICBM shortly after the missile had made its first operational flight, the SCORE mission occurred just three weeks after the first successful Atlas test launch on 28 November 1958.[7] SCORE was launched on 18 December 1958[1] into an orbit with a perigee of 185 kilometres (115 mi), an apogee of 1,484 kilometres (922 mi) from LC-11 at Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex, Florida, inclined at 32.3°, with a period of 101.4 minutes.[2] Its batteries lasted 12 days and it reentered the atmosphere on 21 January 1959.[14]
The communications repeater installed on the missile received, amplified and retransmitted signals. Two redundant sets of equipment were mounted in the nose of the SCORE missile. Four antennas were mounted flush with the missile surface, two for transmission and two for reception. SCORE's other equipment included two tape recorders, each with a four-minute capacity. Any of four ground stations in the southern United States could command the satellite into playback mode to transmit the stored message or into record mode to receive and store a new message. These redundancies proved invaluable as one of the tape recorders malfunctioned and was rendered inoperable during the 12-day mission.[4]
According to an official history of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA),[15] SCORE was originally programmed to broadcast a voice message from Army Secretary Wilber M. Brucker. When the President learned this fact, hours before lift-off, he said he would like to provide the message. His tape-recording was hand-carried to Cape Canaveral, but by then the payload was locked and ready for launch. The ARPA program director decided to launch with the Army message, then erase it while in space, and upload the President's message to replace it. This effort was successful, and accordingly SCORE's transmitted message from space to Earth was as follows:
This is the President of the United States speaking. Through the marvels of scientific advance, my voice is coming to you from a satellite circling in outer space. My message is a simple one: Through this unique means I convey to you and to all mankind, America's wish for peace on Earth and goodwill toward men everywhere.[4]
The broadcast signal for Eisenhower's greeting was fairly weak, and only very sensitive radio receivers were able to detect it. Most Americans heard the message as it was rebroadcast on commercial news programs.[11]: 243
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c d "SCORE: Display 1958-006A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b "SCORE: Trajectory 1958-006A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Marcus, Gideon. "Pioneering Space II" (PDF). Quest Space Quarterly.)
- ^ a b c "SCORE (Signal Communications by Orbiting Relay Equipment)". GlobalSecurity.org. 20 September 2006. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
- ^ Elder, Donald C. (1995). Out from behind the Eight-Ball: a history of Project Echo. AAS history series. San Diego: American astronautical society. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-87703-387-5.
- ^ "Today in History: December 18, Donald Trump is impeached for the first time". WTOP-FM. December 18, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023 – via Associated Press.
- ^ a b George Ludwig (2011). Opening Space Research. Washington D.C.: geopress. p. 178. OCLC 845256256.
- ^ "Darpa". The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications. CRC Press. 1992. pp. 75–77. ISBN 0-8247-2903-X.
- ^ "Project Score". Patterson Army Health Clinic. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
- ^ Masterman-Smith, Michael. "12-18-1958 First Communication Satellite". Engineering Pathway. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
- ^ a b D'Antonio, Michael (2008). A Ball, a Dog, and a Monkey: 1957 — The Space Race Begins. Simon and Schuster. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-7432-9432-4.
- ^ "Eisenhower's Voice May Be Beamed to Earth Stations from Outer Space" UPI (December 17, 1958) Rome News-Tribune", p. 1
- ^ "SCORE: Experiment 1958-006A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica - Atlas B
- ^ The Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1958-1974, Barber Associates, December 1975, pages III-23 to III-24.
