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Romanian Cyrillic alphabet

Not to be confused with Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet.

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is the Cyrillic alphabet that was used to write the Romanian language & Church Slavonic until the 1860s, when it was officially replaced by a Latin-based Romanian alphabet.[citation needed] Cyrillic remained in occasional use until the 1920s, mostly in Russian-ruled Bessarabia.[1]

Romanian Cyrillic
Script type
Time period
14th–19th centuries[a]
LanguagesRomanian
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Early Cyrillic alphabet
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

From the 1830s until the full adoption of the Latin alphabet, the Romanian transitional alphabet was in place, combining Cyrillic and Latin letters, and including some of the Latin letters with diacritics that remain in the modern Romanian alphabet.[2] The Romanian Orthodox Church continued using the alphabet in its publications until 1881.[3]

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is not the same as the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet (which is based on the modern Russian alphabet) that was used in the Moldavian SSR for most of the Soviet era and that is still used in Transnistria.

Table of correspondence

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The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet was close to the contemporary version of the Early Cyrillic alphabet of the Church Slavonic liturgical language.

Letter Numerical
value 		Romanian
Latin
equivalent 		Transitional
alphabet 		Moldovan
Cyrillic
equivalent 		Phoneme Romanian
name[4] 		Slavonic
equiv.
name
А а 1 a A a а /a/ az азъ (azŭ)
Б Б b Б Б б /b/ buche бꙋкꙑ (buky)
В в 2 v В в в /v/ vede вѣдѣ (vĕdĕ)
Г г 3 gh (before e, i)

g (elsewhere)

G g г /ɡ/ glagol глаголи (glagoli)
Д д 4 d D d д /d/ dobru добро (dobro)
Є є, Е е[b] 5 e E e е /e/ est єстъ (estŭ)
Ж ж j Ж ж ж /ʒ/ juvete живѣтє (živěte)
Ѕ ѕ 6 dz Ḑ ḑ дз /d͡z/ zalu ꙃѣло (dzělo)
З з 7 z Z z з /z/ zemle зємл҄ꙗ (zemlja)
И и 8 i I i и /i/ ije ижє (iže)
Й й[c] i Ĭ ĭ й /j/, /ʲ/
І і[d][e] 10 i I i и /i/ i и (i)
К к 20 ch (before e, i)

c (elsewhere)

К к
or
K k		 к /k/ kaku како (kako)
Л л 30 l Л л л /l/ liude людиѥ (ljudije)
М м 40 m M m м /m/ mislete мꙑслитє (myslite)
Н н 50 n N n н /n/ naș нашь (našĭ)
Ѻ ѻ, О о[b] 70 o O o о /o̯/ on онъ (onŭ)
П п 80 p П п п /p/ pocoi покои (pokoi)
Р р 100 r Р р р /r/ râță рьци (rĭci)
С с 200 s S s с /s/ slovă слово (slovo)
Т т 300 t T t т /t/ tferdu тврьдо (tvrĭdo)
ОУ оу[b] 400 u Ꙋ ꙋ[5] (Ȣ, ȣ, ɣ) у /u/ upsilon ꙋкъ (ukŭ)
Оу Ȣ, У Ȣ[b] ucu
Ф ф 500 f F f ф /f/ fârta фрьтъ (frĭtŭ)
Х х 600 h Х х х /h/ heru хѣръ (xěrŭ)
Ѡ ѡ[f] 800 o O o о /o/ omega отъ (otŭ)
Щ щ șt Щ щ шт /ʃt/ ștea ща (šta)
Ц ц 900 ț Ц ц ц /t͡s/ ți ци
Ч ч 90 c (before e, i)

ci (elsewhere)

Ч ч ч /t͡ʃ/ cervu чрьвь (črĭvĭ)
Ш ш ș Ш ш ш /ʃ/ șa ша (ša)
Ъ ъ ă, ŭ[g] Ъ ъ э /ə/ ier ѥръ (jerŭ)
Ы ы, Ꙑ ꙑ â, î Î î ы /ɨ/ ierî ѥрꙑ (jery)
Ь ь ă, ŭ, ĭ[g] Ꙋ̆ ꙋ̆ ь — ieri ѥрь (jerĭ)
Ѣ ѣ ea Ea ea я /e̯a/ eati(u) ѣть (ětĭ)
Ю ю iu Ĭꙋ ĭꙋ ю /ju/ io / iu ю (ju)
Ꙗ ꙗ[b] ia Ĭa ĭa я /ja/ ia ꙗ (ja)
Ѥ ѥ[b] ie Ĭe ĭe ие /je/ ѥ (je)
Ѧ ѧ ĭa, ea[g] Ĭa ĭa, Ea ea я /ja/ ia ѧсъ (ęsŭ)
Ѫ ѫ î Î î ы /ɨ/ ius ѫсъ (ǫsŭ)
Ѯ ѯ[h] 60 x Ks ks кс /ks/ csi ѯи (ksi)
Ѱ ѱ[h] 700 ps Пs пs пс /ps/ psi ѱи (psi)
Ѳ ѳ[h] 9 th, ft T t, Ft ft т, фт /t/ and approx. /θ/ or /f/ thita фита (fita)
Ѵ ѵ[h] 400 i, u I i; Ꙋ ꙋ и, у /i/, /y/, /v/ ijița ижица (ižica)
Ꙟ ꙟ, ↑ ↑ în îm În în Îm îm ын, ым /ɨn/, /ɨm/ în
Џ џ g (before e, i)

gi (elsewhere)

Џ џ ӂ /d͡ʒ/ gea

Unregulated transitional alphabets

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Starting with the 1830s and ending with the official adoption of the Latin alphabet, there were no regulations for writing Romanian, and various alphabets using Cyrillic and Latin letters, besides the mid-transitional version in the table above, were used, sometimes two or more of them in a single book. The following table shows some of the many alphabets used in print.

Pre-1830 1833[6] 1838[7] 1846 (1)[8] 1846 (2)[9] 1848[10] 1858[11] 1860[12]
А а А а А а А а А а А а A a A a
Б Б Б Б Б Б Б Б Б Б Б Б B b Б Б
В в В в В в В в В в В в V v В в
Г г Г г Г г Г г Г г Г г G g Г г
Д д Д д Д д D d Д д D d D d D d
Є є, Е e Є є Є є E e E ɛ E e E e E e
Ж ж Ж ж Ж ж Ж ж Ж ж Ж ж J j Ж ж
Ѕ ѕ Ѕ ѕ Дз дз Ḑ ḑ Дз дз Dz dz Dz dz Dz dz
З з З з З з Z z З з Z z Z z Z z
И и И и I i I i І і I i I i I i
І і Ї ї I i I i І і I i I i I i
К к К к К к K k К к К к K k K k
Л л Л л Л л Л л Л л Л л L l L l
М м М м М м M m М м M m M m M m
Н н Н н Н н N n N ɴ N n N n N n
Ѻ ѻ, О o О о О о O o О о О о О о O о
П п П п П п П п П п П п П п П п
Р р Р р Р р Р р Р р Р р R r Р р
С с С с С с S s С с С с S s S s
Т т Т т Т т T t Т т Т т T t T t
Оу оу У у (initial)
Ꙋ ꙋ (mid and final) 		Ꙋ ꙋ Ꙋ ꙋ Ꙋ ꙋ Ꙋ ꙋ Ꙋ ꙋ Ꙋ ꙋ
Ꙋ, ȣ
Ф ф Ф ф Ф ф Ф ф Ф ф Ф ф F f Ф ф
Х х Х х Х х Х х Х х Х х Х х Х х
Ѡ ѡ Ѡ ѡ[i] О о O o О о O o О о О о
Щ щ Щ щ Щ щ Щ щ Шт шт Щ щ Шt шt Шt шt
Ц ц Ц ц Ц ц Ц ц Ц ц Ц ц Ц ц Ц ц
Ч ч Ч ч Ч ч Ч ч Ч ч Ч ч Ч ч Ч ч
Ш ш Ш ш Ш ш Ш ш Ш ш Ш ш Ш ш Ш ш
Ъ ъ Ъ ъ Ъ ъ Ъ ъ Ъ ъ Ъ ъ Ъ ъ Ъ ъ
Ы ы Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) 		Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) 		Ꙟ ꙟ Ꙟ ꙟ / Î î (transitional form) Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) 		Î î Î î
Ѣ ѣ Ѣ ѣ Ѣ ѣ Ea ea Eа εа (ligature, small letter only) Ea ea Ea ea Ea ea
Ю ю Ю ю IꙊ iꙋ (ligature) IꙊ Iꙋ iꙋ (ligature) IꙊ Iꙋ іꙋ (ligature, small letter only) Iꙋ iꙋ IꙊ iꙋ (ligature) Ĭꙋ ĭꙋ
Ꙗ ꙗ Ꙗ ꙗ (initial)
Ѧ ѧ (mid and final) 		Ꙗ ꙗ Ꙗ Iа (ligature) ꙗ IА Iа ꙗ Ia ia Ĭa ĭa Ĭa ĭa
Ѥ ѥ Йє йє Ĭe ĭe Ĭe ĭe Ĭε ĭε Ie ie Ĭe ĭe Ĭe ĭe
Ѧ ѧ Ꙗ ꙗ (initial)
Ѧ ѧ (mid and final) 		Ꙗ ꙗ Ꙗ Iа (ligature) ꙗ IА Iа ꙗ Ia ia Ĭa ĭa Ĭa ĭa
Ѫ ѫ Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) 		Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) 		Ꙟ ꙟ Ꙟ ꙟ / Î î (transitional form) Ꙟ ꙟ (initial)
Ѫ ѫ (mid and final) 		Î î Î î
Ѯ ѯ Кс кс Кс кс Ks ks Кс кс Кс кс Ks ks Ks ks
Ѱ ѱ[h] Пс пс Пс пс Пs пs Пс пс Пс пс Пs пs Пs пs
Ѳ ѳ[h] Т т Т т T t Ѳ ѳ Т т T t T t
Ѵ ѵ[h] И, Ꙋ I, Ꙋ I, Ꙋ І, Ꙋ І, Ꙋ I, Ꙋ I, Ꙋ
Ꙟ ꙟ Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟм Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟм Ꙟн ꙟн Ꙟм ꙟм Ꙟɴ ꙟɴ Ꙟм ꙟм Ꙟn ꙟn Ꙟm ꙟm În în Îm îm În în Îm îm
Џ џ Џ џ Џ џ Џ џ Џ џ Џ џ Џ џ Џ џ

Example of Romanian Cyrillic text

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According to a document from the 1850s,[13] this is how the Romanian Lord's Prayer looked in Cyrillic script. Transcriptional values correspond to the above table.

Та́тъль нѡ́стрꙋ Tatăl nostru

Та́тъль но́стрꙋ ка́реле є҆́щй ꙟ҆ че́рюрй: сфн҃цѣ́скъсе нꙋ́меле тъ́ꙋ:
Ві́е ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ та̀: Фі́е во́ѧ та̀, пре кꙋ́мь ꙟ҆ че́рю, шѝ пре пъмѫ́нть.
Пѫ́йнѣ ноа́стръ, чѣ̀ де то́ате зи́леле, дъ́неѡ но́аѡ а҆́стъзй.
Шѝ не ꙗ҆́ртъ но́аѡ даторі́йле ноа́стре,
пре кꙋ́мь шѝ но́й є҆ртъ́мь дато́рничилѡрь но́щрй.
Шѝ нꙋ́ не дꙋ́че пе но́й ꙟ҆ и҆спи́тъ. Чѝ не и҆зБъвѣще де че́ль ръ́ꙋ.
Къ а҆та̀ ꙗ҆́сте ꙟ҆пъръці́ѧ, шѝ Пꙋтѣ́рѣ, шѝ мъри́рѣ ꙟ҆ вѣ́чй, а҆ми́нь.

Tatăl nostru, carele ești în ceriuri, sfințeascăse numele tău:
Vie împărăția ta: Fie voia ta, pre cumi în ceriu, și pre pământi.
Pâinea noastră, cea de toate zilele, dăneo noua astăzi.
Și ne iartă noua datoriile noastre,
pre cumi și noi iertămi datornicilori noștri.
Și nu ne duce pe noi în ispită. Ci ne izbăveaște de celi rău.
Că ata iaste împrăția, și Putearea, și mărirea în veaci, amini.

See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romanian Cyrillic alphabet.

Notes

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  1. ^ Earlist known usage dated back to 1521 Neacșu's letter.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Initial vs. non-initial shapes: Є/Е, Ѻ/О, Оу/Ꙋ, Ꙗ/Ѧ.
  3. ^ Й is hardly a separate letter of the alphabet; the letters І, Ю, Ȣ and Ѡ also accept a brevity sign.
  4. ^ In loanwords of Greek origin (or ones adopted through the Greek language), letters И and І correspond to eta and iota, respectively. In the words of Romanian origin and in Slavic loanwords, their usage follows Bulgarian alphabet, namely, І before vowels, otherwise И.
  5. ^ In earlier documents, Ї was preferred if no any other diacritic accepted.
  6. ^ The distinction of Ѡ and О is present not only in loanwords, but in Romanian words as well.
  7. ^ a b c Letters ĭ and ŭ represent a barely spoken/heard i or u.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Letters Ѯ, Ѱ, Ѳ and Ѵ are used for copying Greek spelling of loanwords (especially for names and toponyms).
  9. ^ -лѡр only

References

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  1. ^ Ileana-Stanca Desa, Dulciu Morărescu, Ioana Patriche, Adriana Raliade, Iliana Sulică, Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. III: Catalog alfabetic 1919–1924, pp. 235–236, 264, 368, 374, 575, 708, 1024. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1987
  2. ^ George Baiculescu, Georgeta Răduică, Neonila Onofrei, Publicațiile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Vol. II: Catalog alfabetic 1907–1918. Supliment 1790–1906, pp. 763, 801, 810, 813, 832, 867. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1969
  3. ^ Grigore Chiriță, Societatea din Principatele Unite Române în perioada constituirii statului național (1856-1866), p. 134. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române, 2004, ISBN 978-973-270-984-9
  4. ^ According to Costache Negruzzi, "Cum am învățat românește", first published in Curier de Ambe Sexe, I, nr. 22, p.337–343
  5. ^ Book written in the transitional alphabet showing various letter forms
  6. ^ Грамматикъ практїкъ романо-францозѧскъ [modernised: Grammatică practică romano-franțozească compusă dupre autorii clasici cei mai noi ... - George Vida]. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  7. ^ Filosofice și politice prin falule învățaturĭ morale - Dimitrie Țichindeal, Dositej Obradović. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  8. ^ Magazinu istoriku pentru Dacia - Treboniu A. Laurian, Nicolae Bălcescu. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  9. ^ Noul Testament al Domnuluī shī Mîntuītoruluī nostru Īīsus Khrīstos. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  10. ^ Biografia lui Viliam G. Shecspri dupe Le Fourneur: Urmată de Romeo cu ... - William Shakespeare. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  11. ^ Istoria Moldo-Romănieĭ: arătîndŭ neamurile de ċare s'aŭ loċuitŭ aceste ... - George Ioanid. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  12. ^ Cîntece naționale: Tipărite cu fondul d-lor librarĭ Pusu i Petriu. A treia ... - O. Dumitrescu. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  13. ^ File:Romanian-kirilitza-tatal-nostru.jpg
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