Rimicaris exoculata, commonly known as the 'blind shrimp', is a species of shrimp. It thrives on active hydrothermal edifices at deep-sea vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[1] This species belongs to the Alvinocarididae family of shrimp, named after DSV Alvin, the vessel that collected the original samples described by M. L. Christoffersen in 1986. The name Rimicaris is derived from the Latin word 'rima', which means rift or fissure, in reference to the Mid Atlantic Ridge, and the Greek word 'karis', meaning shrimp. The species epithet 'exoculata' is derived from the Latin term 'exoculo', meaning deprived of eyes, referring to the highly modified, non-image-forming eyes.[2]
| Rimicaris exoculata | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Infraorder: | Caridea |
| Family: | Alvinocarididae |
| Genus: | Rimicaris |
| Species: | R. exoculata
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| Binomial name | |
| Rimicaris exoculata Williams & Rona, 1986
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Description
editRimicaris exoculata typically measures between 4–6 cm in length,[3] and weighs an average of 1.6 grams.[4] During the molt cycle of their exoskeleton, this species transitions from white to translucent due to mineral deposits in the branchial chamber . Both sides of their body are covered in long, numerous bacteriophore setae,[1] and they possess an enlarged cephalothorax.[5] Although they lack eyes, Rimicaris exoculata has a high concentration of rhodopsin within a dorsal "eyespot" located beneath a transparent cuticle on their carapace.[6] Despite having non-image-forming optics, [7] their evolved compound eye on the dorsal surface suggests extreme sensitivity to light,[8] and the ability to detect dim light and chemical compounds emitted by vents. With an enlarged gill chamber and hypertrophied mouthparts covered in thick microbial layers, [9] Rimicaris exoculata house a dense ectosymbiotic community of chemoautotrophic bacteria within its gill chambers. [1] The atypically large mouthparts within the gill chamber are densely covered with setae. [10]
Distribution
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Rimicaris exoculata is a prevalent species found on active hydrothermal edifices at deep-sea vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,[4] with the ability to survive depths of up to 3600 meters.[1] These shrimps are commonly found around 350°F hydrothermal 'black smoker' vents in the Atlantic Ocean's depths.[7] R. exoculata tends to stick near the hydrothermal fluid escaping the vents, where steep thermal and chemical gradients are expected,[5] often occurring in clusters of thousands of individuals.[11] Additionally, there exists Rimicaris kairei outside the MAR, which is phylogenetically similar to Rimicaris exoculata, but found in Indian Ocean vent fields.[12]
Trophic interactions
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The Rimicaris exoculata hydrothermal vent shrimp has a unique adaptation in the form of an enlarged gill chamber, which houses a complex trophic epibiotic community.[3] This chamber is host to a dense community of chemoautotrophic bacteria, which provide the majority of the shrimp's nutrition through a direct transfer of organic carbon.[13][5] In addition, the shrimp hosts a diverse and dense symbiotic community of filamentous bacteria within its enlarged branchiostegites and on its hypertrophied mouthparts.[5] These symbionts are acquired through horizontal transmission with each generation of settling juveniles obtaining their symbionts from the environment anew. The shrimp's gut is full of sulphides and iron-oxide particles, which it receives from the hydrothermal vent fluid and in which microbial communities thrive.[9] The mineral deposits and symbiotic communities residing in the shrimp are renewed approximately every 10 days and reacquired after each molt.[5] The shrimp's morphology has adapted to this symbiosis, with atypically large and densely covered setae on its mouthparts within the gill chamber, to which the ectosymbionts are attached.[10]
Reproduction
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Rimicaris shrimp reproduce through internal fertilization and are protogynous.[4] Females carry their embryos under their abdomen, utilizing modified pleopods and additional setae to maintain their brood.[14] After an incubation period of a few weeks on chimney walls, zoea larvae are released into the water column.[14] These larvae undergo a unique larval development, with a primary lecithotrophic stage followed by an extended planktotrophic period, allowing for a vast potential for dispersion.[13] The larvae disperse within bathypelagic waters, feeding on pelagic food items until they reach a large post-larval stage and return to a benthic and chemosynthetic lifestyle at vents.[14] Every generation of settling juveniles obtains their symbionts from the environment through horizontal transmission.[5]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Zbinden, M; Cambon-Bonavita, Ma (2020-10-15). "Rimicaris exoculata: biology and ecology of a shrimp from deep-sea hydrothermal vents associated with ectosymbiotic bacteria". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 652: 187–222. Bibcode:2020MEPS..652..187Z. doi:10.3354/meps13467. ISSN 0171-8630.
- ^ "Alvinocarididae", Wikipedia, 2023-11-04, retrieved 2024-04-26
- ^ a b Durand, Lucile; Roumagnac, Marie; Cueff-Gauchard, Valérie; Jan, Cyrielle; Guri, Mathieu; Tessier, Claire; Haond, Marine; Crassous, Philippe; Zbinden, Magali; Arnaud-Haond, Sophie; Cambon-Bonavita, Marie-Anne (2015-08-31). King, Gary (ed.). "Biogeographical distribution of Rimicaris exoculata resident gut epibiont communities along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 91 (10): fiv101. doi:10.1093/femsec/fiv101. ISSN 1574-6941. PMID 26324855.
- ^ a b c Grimm, Melissa; Patel, Kruti. "ADW: : INFORMATION". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
- ^ a b c d e f Methou, Pierre; Hikosaka, Masanari; Chen, Chong; Watanabe, Hiromi K.; Miyamoto, Norio; Makita, Hiroko; Takahashi, Yoshio; Jenkins, Robert G. (2022-04-26). Johnson, Karyn N. (ed.). "Symbiont Community Composition in Rimicaris kairei Shrimps from Indian Ocean Vents with Notes on Mineralogy". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 88 (8): e0018522. Bibcode:2022ApEnM..88E.185M. doi:10.1128/aem.00185-22. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 9040608. PMID 35404070.
- ^ "The 'Eye' of the Vent Shrimp | Deep Sea News". deepseanews.com. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
- ^ a b Pelli, Denis G.; Chamberlain, Steven C. (1989-02-02). "The visibility of 350 °C black-body radiation by the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata and man". Nature. 337 (6206): 460–461. Bibcode:1989Natur.337..460P. doi:10.1038/337460a0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15726721.
- ^ O'Neill, P. J.; Jinks, R. N.; Herzog, E. D.; Battelle, B. A.; Kass, L.; Renninger, G. H.; Chamberlain, S. C. (1995). "The morphology of the dorsal eye of the hydrothermal vent shrimp, Rimicaris exoculata". Visual Neuroscience. 12 (5): 861–875. doi:10.1017/s0952523800009421. ISSN 0952-5238. PMID 8924410.
- ^ a b Durand, Lucile; Zbinden, Magali; Cueff-Gauchard, Valarie; Duperron, Sabastien; Roussel, Erwan; Shillito, Bruce; Cambon-Bonavita, Marie-Anne (2009-12-24). "Microbial diversity associated with the hydrothermal shrimp Rimicaris exoculata gut and occurrence of a resident microbial community". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 71 (2): 291–303. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00806.x. PMID 19951370 – via Wiley.
- ^ a b Petersen, Jillian M.; Ramette, Alban; Lott, Christian; Cambon-Bonavita, Marie-Anne; Zbinden, Magali; Dubilier, Nicole (2010-08-04). "Dual symbiosis of the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata with filamentous gamma- and epsilonproteobacteria at four Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent fields". Environmental Microbiology. 12 (8): 2204–2218. Bibcode:2010EnvMi..12.2204P. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02129.x. ISSN 1462-2912. PMID 21966914.
- ^ Ravaux, Juliette; Gaill, Françoise; Bris, Nadine Le; Sarradin, Pierre-Marie; Jollivet, Didier; Shillito, Bruce (2003-07-15). "Heat-shock response and temperature resistance in the deep-sea vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata". Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (14): 2345–2354. doi:10.1242/jeb.00419. ISSN 1477-9145. PMID 12796451.
- ^ Methou, Pierre; Hikosaka, Masanari; Chen, Chong; Watanabe, Hiromi K.; Miyamoto, Norio; Makita, Hiroko; Takahashi, Yoshio; Jenkins, Robert G. (2022-04-26). Johnson, Karyn N. (ed.). "Symbiont Community Composition in Rimicaris kairei Shrimps from Indian Ocean Vents with Notes on Mineralogy". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 88 (8): e0018522. Bibcode:2022ApEnM..88E.185M. doi:10.1128/aem.00185-22. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 9040608. PMID 35404070.
- ^ a b Zbinden, M.; Cambon-Bonavita, MA (2020-10-01). "Rimicaris exoculata: biology and ecology of a shrimp from deep-sea hydrothermal vents associated with ectosymbiotic bacteria". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 652: 187–222. Bibcode:2020MEPS..652..187Z. doi:10.3354/meps13467.
- ^ a b c Hernández-Ávila, Iván; Cambon-Bonavita, Marie-Anne; Sarrazin, Jozée; Pradillon, Florence (2022-08-01). "Population structure and reproduction of the alvinocaridid shrimp Rimicaris exoculata on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Variations between habitats and vent fields". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 186: 103827. Bibcode:2022DSRI..18603827H. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103827. ISSN 0967-0637.