Resia (Resian: Reśija; Slovene: Rezija; Friulian: Resie) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine, in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of northeast Italy, bordering on the municipalities of Chiusaforte, Lusevera, Resiutta, and Venzone, and also on two of the Slovenian municipalities (Kobarid and Bovec). Its residents speak an archaic dialect known as Resian, which is – according to most linguists – a transitional dialect between the Carinthian and Littoral dialects of Slovene. Although they maintain their own traditional system of family names, which are of Slavic origin, the people of Resia have either Italian or Italianized surnames, similarly to some areas in Venetian Slovenia.
Resia
Reśija (Slovene) | |
|---|---|
| Comune di Resia | |
Location of Resia  | |
  Resia Location of Resia in Italy  Resia Resia (Friuli-Venezia Giulia) | |
| Coordinates: 46°23′N 13°18′E / 46.383°N 13.300°E | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Friuli-Venezia Giulia |
| Province | Udine (UD) |
| Frazioni | Prato, San Giorgio, Gniva, Oseacco and Stolvizza |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Sergio Chinese (Civic Party) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 119.0 km2 (45.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 492 m (1,614 ft) |
| Population (Jan. 2015)[2] | |
| • Total | 1,048 |
| • Density | 8.8/km2 (23/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Resiani |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 33010 |
| Dialing code | 0433 |
| Patron saint | Assumption of Mary |
| Saint day | August 15 |
| Website | Comune di Resia |
It is located in the alpine valley of the same name in the Julian Alps, about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Udine, on the border with Slovenia and around 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the border with Austria. As of 1 January 2015, it had a population of 1,048 and an area of 119.0 square kilometres (45.9 sq mi).[3]
Geographical location
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The municipality comprises the Resia Valley, a typical Alpine glacial valley, surrounded by high mountains of the Julian Alps, with a narrow opening towards the west. The valley is located on the western edge of a high mountain range of the Julian Alps. To the east, it is closed by the Kanin mountain group also of the Julian Alps, which separates it from the Soča valley in the Slovenian Littoral. To the west, the valley opens towards the Fella valley, which leads to the upper Friulian plain. This is the most usual way to access this isolated valley.
To the south-east of the Resia Valley, there is a narrow mountain pass, called Carnizza (Slovene: Karnica), leading from Resia Valley to the upper Torre Valley (Slovene: Terska dolina). The same mountain pass also leads to the Učja Canyon (Uccea), which ends in the Soča valley near the Slovenian village of Žaga. For centuries, this narrow pass was the only way connecting the Resia Valley with Venetian Slovenia and the Slovene Lands.
Language and traditions
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The inhabitants of Resia speak a unique dialect, known as the Resian. According to the dialectologist Tine Logar, Resian is a transitory dialect between the Carinthian and Littoral dialects of Slovene. Resian maintains several archaic features that have been lost in most other Slovene dialects. Due to its isolation, the dialect has also developed a specific phonetic system, unlike any other in the South Slavic language group.[4] In 1994, the linguist Han Steenwijk published the orthography of the Resian, in 1999 the first part of its reference grammar, and in 2005 a small orthographic dictionary.[5]
The people of Resia have conflicting opinions on whether they consider themselves Slovenes[6] although they maintain close cultural, economic and family connections with the people of the historical region known as Slavia Friulana, where Slovene linguistic and cultural identity is much more rooted. The Resians call their dialect rozajanski, while they frequently refer to the dialect of Bovec, which is the first large Slovene settlement on the other side of the Kanin mountain range, as tabuški, meaning 'the one from Bovec'.
Since 2007, the Resia has been included in those municipalities where the Law on the Protection of the Slovene Linguistic Community is to be applied.[7] Many bilingual signs have been erected in the valley since the early 2000s.
The Resian people are known for their rich folkloric traditions, especially their music and dances. Many Slovenian folk and folk rock groups, such as Katalena and Terrafolk, have drawn their inspiration from the Resian folk tradition. Resian folklore is also renowned for its fables, which have been extensively collected, translated into standard Slovene and published in various Slovenian publications since the late 19th century.
Cultural associations
editSince the 1990s, several cultural institutions have been set up to promote the historical and cultural heritage of the valley. The most important is the Cultural Association 'Resian Home' (Te kultürski čirkolo "Rozajanski Dum", Italian: Circolo culturale resiano "Rozajanski dum", standard Slovene: Kulturno društvo "Rezijanski dom"), founded in 1983 to foster and protect the local culture.[8] In the 1990s, the 'Resian Cultural Centre' (Ta Rozajanska Kultürska Hïša, Italian: Centro Culturale Resiano, standard Slovene: Rezijanski kulturni dom) was established as the central cultural venue in the valley. Both associations are fully included in the network of cultural associations of the Slovene minority in Italy.[9]
Identity disputes and minority rights
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The political and public sphere in the valley is highly divided between those who understand the Resian identity in the frame of the Slovene minority in Italy, and those who oppose this identification and refuse to be considered part of the Slovene people.[10] While the majority of the Resian cultural associations are integrated in the network of the Slovene minority in Italy,[8][9] there are also political movements rejecting the identification of Resians with Slovenes.[11]
The majority of the population does not consider itself Slovene.[needs update?][12] In 2004, 1,014 out of 1,285 (78.9%) inhabitants of Resia signed a petition declaring that they are not Slovenes.[12]
In January 2009 the mayor of the Resia municipality, Sergio Barbarino, who is not a Resian, filed an official demand that Resia be included among the municipalities in which the Italian–Slovene bilingualism is applied.[13] The subsequent mayor Sergio Chinese – himself a native of Resia – declared that "Resia and the Resians have nothing in common with the Slovenes" and that the Resian language "has nothing to do with Slovene".[13] He requested that Resia be removed from the list of municipalities where Italian–Slovene bilingualism is applied.[13]
In February 2010, the new municipal administration of Resia replaced the bilingual Italian–Resian road signs with new ones, in which the Resian place names were written in the Italian orthography instead of the scholarly accepted New Resian orthography.[14] The Slovenian Foreign Ministry denounced the incident and brought it to the attention of the international community as an evidence of the institutional subversion of minority rights in Italy.[14]
In March 2010, the Italian Ministry of Interior confirmed that Resia is to be considered part of the bilingual Italian-Slovene territory and that linguistic rights guaranteed by the Italian Act for the Protection of the Slovene Minority are to be fully applied in Resia.[15] In August 2010, the municipal assembly of Resia asked for the removal of Resia from the list of municipalities, in which the Law for the Protection of the Slovene Linguistic Community is enforced.[13] However, such removal is not possible according to the law.
Demographic evolution
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Twin towns
editResia is twinned with:
Fryazino, Russia
Notable natives and residents
edit- Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay, Polish linguist, who lived in Resia studying the Resian dialect
References
edit- ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
- ^ Logar, Tine (1996). Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave. Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša, ZRC SAZU. p. 406. ISBN 9789616182188.
- ^ Šekli, Matej (2015). "Rezijanščina: geneolingvistična in sociolingvistična opredelitev" [Resian: Genealogical and Sociolinguistic Definition]. Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne (in Slovenian) (8): 199–214. doi:10.14746/pss.2015.8.13. ISSN 2084-3011. COBISS 58440802.
- ^ Valentinčič, Dejan (2016). "»Ta rožina dolina« med dvema ognjema: pogled na zgodovinske razloge za razdeljeno kulturno identiteto v Reziji in kratek opis današnjih konfliktov" ["Ta Rožina Dolina" Between Two Fires: a Look at the Historical Reasons for the Divided Cultural Identity in Resia and a Brief Description of Today's Conflicts]. Acta Histriae (in Slovenian). 24 (2). COBISS 4480251.
- ^ "Ministero dell'Interno - Legislazione". Archived from the original on 2011-11-11. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
- ^ a b "Unknown".[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Rozajanski dum | Zveza slovenskih kulturnih društev". www.zskd.eu. Archived from the original on 2009-10-16.
- ^ "Slomedia.it".
- ^ "Home". valresia.splinder.com.
- ^ a b ""Siamo resiani e non sloveni" Mille firme per un referendum" ["We are Resians and not Slovenians" One thousand signatures for a referendum]. Il Messaggero. February 5, 2004.
- ^ a b c d "Delo - Vedeti več pomeni imeti moč". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
- ^ a b "Resia, tabelle bilingui denunciate all'Onu". Archived from the original on 2012-03-04.
- ^ "STA: Italijansko notranje ministrstvo za dvojezične izkaznice v Reziji". www.sta.si. Archived from the original on 2012-03-10.