1988 Republican Party presidential primaries

From January 14 to June 14, 1988, Republican voters chose their nominee for president in the 1988 United States presidential election. Incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1988 Republican National Convention held from August 15 to August 18, 1988, in New Orleans, Louisiana.

1988 Republican Party presidential primaries

January 14 to June 14, 1988
2,044 delegates to the Republican National Convention 1,023 (majority) votes needed to win
Candidate George H. W. Bush Bob Dole Pat Robertson Home state Texas Kansas Virginia Delegate count 1,525 463 207 Contests won 42 5 4 Popular vote 8,253,512 2,333,375 1,097,446 Percentage 67.9% 19.2% 9.0%
Gold denotes a state won by George H. W. Bush. Green denotes a state won by Pat Robertson. Purple denotes a state won by Bob Dole. Grey denotes a territory that did not hold a primary.
Previous Republican nominee Ronald Reagan Republican nominee George H. W. Bush

Bush selected Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as his running mate, and the Republican ticket went on to win the general election against the Democratic ticket of Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen by a wide margin. It was the third consecutive Republican victory in a presidential election, marking the first time since President Harry S. Truman's surprise 1948 victory that any party held the White House for more than two terms.

Primary race

Vice President George H. W. Bush had the private support of President Ronald Reagan and publicly pledged to continue Reagan's policies, but also pledged a "kinder and gentler nation" in an attempt to win over some more moderate voters. Bush faced some prominent challengers for the GOP nomination, despite his front-runner status.

In 1987, Donald Trump, then known as a New York real estate executive and registered as a Republican, hinted in various television interviews that he was considering running for president. He took out a series of newspaper ads in The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Boston Globe criticizing Reagan's foreign policy for being too expensive. He also vocally advocated reducing foreign aid to Japan, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia; accelerating nuclear disarmament negotiations with the Soviet Union; and eliminating the federal deficit. Mike Dunbar, an important Republican operative, started a "draft Donald Trump" movement to try to convince him to run in the New Hampshire primaries. However, Trump eventually announced at a political rally arranged by Dunbar in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, that he would not seek the Republican nomination. Later, Trump approached Bush's campaign manager Lee Atwater asking to be considered as a possible choice for running mate. Bush found the request "strange and unbelievable." Apparently contradicting this report, Trump later asserted it was Atwater who approached him asking if he was interested in the position. Trump would eventually win the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries and go on to win the presidential election against his Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. He would later lose the 2020 election to Democrat Joe Biden, who was running for the Democratic nomination in 1988, but dropped out before the primaries began. Trump would then become the Republican nominee a third time in the 2024 presidential election which he won.

Robertson's campaign got off to a strong second-place finish in the Iowa caucuses, ahead of Bush. Robertson did poorly in the subsequent New Hampshire primary, however, and was unable to be competitive once the multiple-state primaries like Super Tuesday began. Robertson ended his campaign before the primaries were finished. His best finish was in Washington, winning the majority of caucus delegates. However, his controversial win has been credited to procedural manipulation by Robertson supporters who delayed final voting until late into the evening when other supporters had gone home. He later spoke at the 1988 Republican National Convention in New Orleans and told his remaining supporters to cast their votes for Bush, who ended up winning the nomination and the election. He then returned to the Christian Broadcasting Network and would remain there as a religious broadcaster until his death in 2023.

Bush unexpectedly came in third in the Iowa caucus (that he had won back in 1980), behind Senator Bob Dole and Robertson. Dole was also leading in the polls of the New Hampshire primary, and the Bush camp responded by running television commercials portraying Dole as a tax raiser, while Governor John H. Sununu stumped for Bush. These efforts enabled the Vice President to defeat Dole and gain crucial momentum. Embittered by his loss in New Hampshire, Dole told Bush directly, on live television that evening, to "stop lying about my record."

Once the multiple-state primaries began, Bush's organizational strength and fundraising lead were impossible for the other candidates to match, and the nomination was his. The Republican party convention was held in New Orleans, Louisiana. Bush was nominated unanimously.

In his acceptance speech, Bush made an energetic pledge, "Read my lips: No new taxes", a comment that would come to haunt him in the 1992 election.

Candidates

Nominee

Candidate			Most recent office	Home State	Campaign Withdrawal date	Popular vote	Contests won	Running mate
George H. W. Bush			Vice President of the United States (1981–1989)	Texas	(Campaign) Secured nomination: April 26, 1988	8,253,512 (67.90%)	42	Dan Quayle

Withdrew before convention

Candidate			Most recent office	Home State	Campaign Withdrawal date	Popular vote	Contests won
Bob Dole			U.S. Senator from Kansas (1969–1996)	Kansas	(campaign)	2,333,375 (19.19%)	5
Pat Robertson			Chair of CBN	Virginia	(campaign)	1,097,446 (9.02%)	4
Jack Kemp			U.S. Representative (1971–1989)	New York	(campaign)	331,333 (2.72%)	0

Candidates who received less than 1%

• 
  Former Governor
  Pierre S. du Pont IV
  of Delaware
  (withdrew Feb. 18)
• 
  Former U.S. Secretary of State
  Alexander Haig
  of Pennsylvania
  (withdrew Feb. 12)
  (endorsed Bob Dole)
• 
  Former U.S. Senator
  Paul Laxalt
  of Nevada
  (withdrew Aug. 26, 1987)
• 
  Former Governor
  Harold Stassen
  of Minnesota
• 
  Retired engineer
  Jack Fellure
  of West Virginia

Candidates who withdrew before the primaries

• 
  Former Secretary of Defense
  Donald Rumsfeld
  of Illinois
  (withdrew April 2, 1987)

Declined to seek nomination

• 
  Businessman
  Donald Trump
  of New York (declined October 22, 1987)

Endorsements

George H. W. Bush

• President Ronald Reagan (announced May 12, 1988)
• Former Senator and 1964 Presidential nominee Barry Goldwater of Arizona
• Reverend Jerry Falwell
• Texas Governor Bill Clements
• Representative Bob Dornan of California
• New Hampshire Governor John Sununu

Bob Dole

• Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina
• Former Governor of Texas John Connally
• Former Secretary of State and former presidential candidate Alexander Haig
• Senator Warren Rudman of New Hampshire

Jack Kemp

• House Minority Whip Trent Lott of Mississippi
• Representative Newt Gingrich of Georgia
• Representative Bob Smith of New Hampshire
• Senator Gordon Humphrey of New Hampshire

Pete duPont

• New Hampshire Union Leader in Manchester, New Hampshire

Polling

National polling

Poll source	Publication date	George Bush	Bob Dole	Pete DuPont	Al Haig	Jack Kemp	Pat Robertson	Others/Undecided
Gallup	Jun. 10, 1985	39%	8%	–	–	5%	–	48%
Gallup	Jan. 13, 1986	46%	10%	–	–	5%	–	39%
Gallup	Apr. 14, 1986	40%	10%	–	2%	6%	4%	38%
Gallup	Jul. 14, 1986	41%	8%	–	3%	3%	6%	39%
Gallup	Oct. 27, 1986	42%	8%	1%	3%	5%	6%	35%
Gallup	Jan. 19, 1987	33%	14%	1%	3%	5%	5%	39%
Gallup	Apr. 13, 1987	34%	18%	2%	7%	9%	4%	26%
Gallup	June 14, 1987	39%	21%	2%	6%	8%	5%	19%
Gallup	July 13, 1987	40%	18%	3%	7%	10%	5%	17%
Gallup	Sep. 2, 1987	40%	19%	2%	4%	9%	8%	18%
Gallup	Sep. 2, 1987	47%	22%	1%	4%	4%	7%	15%
Gallup	Jan. 24, 1988	45%	30%	2%	2%	5%	8%	8%

Results

Statewide

Date (daily totals)	Total pledged delegates	Contest	Delegates won and popular vote				Total
			George H. W. Bush	Bob Dole	Pat Robertson	Others
January 14	81	Michigan	47 919 (56.55%)	54 (3.32%)	19 360 (22.15%)	15 292 (17.97%)	1,625
February 4	23	Hawaii	147 (8.73%)	153 (9.09%)	23 1,368 (81.28%)	15 (8.91%)	1,683
February 7	34	Kansas	—	34 203 (95.75%)	3 (1.42%)	6 (2.83%)	212
February 8	38	Iowa caucus	7 20,218 (18.59%)	14 40,629 (37.35%)	7 26,729 (24.57%)	7 21,194 (19.49%)	108,770
February 16	23	New Hampshire primary	10 59,290 (37.67%)	7 44,797 (28.46%)	14,775 (9.39%)	6 38,514 (24.47%)	157,376
February 18	23	Nevada	6 1,320 (26.61%)	5 1,112 (22.41%)	3 714 (14.39%)	8 1,815 (36.59%)	4,961
February 23 (54)	34	Minnesota	4 5,979 (10.64%)	14 23,923 (42.56%)	10 15,969 (28.41%)	6 10,340 (18.39%)	56,211
	20	South Dakota	4 17,404 (18.63%)	12 51,599 (55.24%)	4 18,310 (19.60%)	6,092 (6.52%)	93,405
February 24	20	Wyoming	5 98 (23.00%)	9 195 (45.77%)	2 46 (10.80%)	4 87 (20.42%)	426
February 28	23	Maine	16 700 (65.30%)	88 (8.21%)	3 147 (13.71%)	3 137 (12.78%)	1,072
March 1 (40)	20	Alaska	5 487 (23.82%)	4 395 (19.68%)	10 941 (46.89%)	184 (9.17%)	2,007
	20	Vermont	11 23,565 (52.75%)	9 18,655 (41.76%)	2,452 (5.49%)	—	44,672
March 5	38	South Carolina	18 94,738 (48.51%)	8 40,265 (20.62%)	7 37,261 (19.08%)	4 23,028 (11.79%)	195,292
March 8 (Super Tuesday) (855)	41	Alabama	28 137,113 (64.46%)	7 34,777 (16.35%)	6 29,552 (13.89%)	11,266 (5.30%)	212,708
	31	Arkansas	16 32,114 (47.02%)	9 17,667 (25.86%)	6 12,918 (18.91%)	5,606 (8.21%)	68,305
	85	Florida	56 559,397 (62.14%)	19 191,494 (21.27%)	10 95,037 (10.56%)	54,329 (6.03%)	900,257
	52	Georgia	30 215,516 (53.75%)	13 94,749 (23.63%)	9 65,163 (16.25%)	25,500 (6.36%)	400,928
	41	Kentucky	26 72,020 (59.32%)	10 27,868 (22.96%)	5 13,526 (11.14%)	7,988 (6.58%)	121,402
	45	Louisiana	28 83,684 (57.80%)	9 25,624 (21.11%)	9 26,294 (21.66%)	9,171 (6.33%)	144,773
	45	Maryland	28 107,026 (53.31%)	17 64,987 (32.37%)	12,860 (6.41%)	15,881 (7.91%)	200,754
	56	Massachusetts	34 141,113 (57.39%)	15 63,392 (25.78%)	10,891 (4.43%)	7 30,489 (12.40%)	245,885
	34	Mississippi	23 104,814 (65.99%)	6 27,004 (17.00%)	5 21,485 (13.53%)	5,526 (3.48%)	158,829
	49	Missouri	22 168,812 (42.17%)	21 164,394 (41.07%)	6 44,705 (11.17%)	22,389 (5.59%)	400,300
	56	North Carolina	30 124,260 (45.38%)	26 107,032 (39.09%)	26,861 (9.81%)	15,647 (5.71%)	273,800
	38	Oklahoma	15 78,224 (37.44%)	14 73,016 (34.95%)	9 44,067 (21.09%)	13,631 (6.52%)	208,938
	23	Rhode Island	15 10,401 (64.82%)	5 3,628 (22.61%)	—	3 2,016 (12.56%)	16,045
	49	Tennessee	31 152,515 (60.22%)	11 55,027 (21.73%)	7 32,015 (12.64%)	13,695 (5.41%)	253,252
	113	Texas	78 648,178 (63.86%)	17 140,795 (13.87%)	19 155,449 (15.32%)	70,534 (6.95%)	1,014,956
	52	Virginia	30 124,738 (53.27%)	15 60,921 (26.02%)	8 32,173 (13.74%)	16,310 (6.97%)	234,142
	45	Washington	11 3,694 (24.29%)	12 3,955 (26.00%)	18 5,934 (39.01%)	5 1,627 (10.70%)	15,210
March 15	95	Illinois	57 469,151 (54.64%)	38 309,253 (36.02%)	59,087 (6.88%)	21,146 (2.46%)	858,637
March 29	38	Connecticut	30 73,501 (70.56%)	8 21,005 (20.16%)	3,191 (3.06%)	6,474 (6.21%)	104,171
April 4	38	Colorado	32 11,628 (76.31%)	—	1,450 (9.51%)	6 2,160 (14.17%)	15,238
April 5	49	Wisconsin	49 295,295 (82.28%)	28,460 (7.93%)	24,798 (6.91%)	10,345 (2.88%)	358,898
April 19	139	New York	115 1,101 (81.74%)	—	17 (1.26%)	24 229 (17.00%)	1,347
April 26	99	Pennsylvania	86 687,323 (78.95%)	13 103,753 (11.92%)	79,463 (9.13%)	—	870,539
May 3 (157)	13	District of Columbia	13 5,890 (87.65%)	469 (6.98%)	268 (3.99%)	93 (1.38%)	6,720
	52	Indiana	52 351,829 (80.39%)	42,878 (9.80%)	28,712 (6.56%)	14,236 (3.25%)	437,655
	92	Ohio	80 643,907 (81.00%)	12 94,650 (11.91%)	56,347 (7.09%)	—	794,904
May 10 (58)	27	Nebraska	20 138,784 (68.33%)	7 45,572 (22.44%)	10,334 (5.09%)	8,423 (4.15%)	203,113
	31	West Virginia	27 110,705 (77.34%)	4 15,309 (10.70%)	10,417 (7.28%)	6,709 (4.69%)	143,140
May 17	34	Oregon	27 199,938 (72.84%)	7 49,128 (17.90%)	21,212 (7.73%)	4,208 (1.53%)	274,486
May 24	23	Idaho	20 55,464 (81.24%)	—	5,876 (8.61%)	3 6,935 (10.16%)	68,275
June 7 (295)	178	California primary	154 1,856,273 (82.86%)	24 286,220 (12.78%)	94,779 (4.23%)	—	2,240,272
	23	Montana	18 63,098 (73.07%)	5 16,762 (19.41%)	—	6,493 (7.52%)	86,353
	67	New Jersey	67 241,033 (100.00%)	—	—	—	241,033
	27	New Mexico	24 69,359 (78.16%)	3 9,305 (10.49%)	5,350 (6.03%)	4,730 (5.33%)	88,744
June 14	20	North Dakota	20 37,062 (93.98%)	—	—	2,372 (6.01%)	39,434
Total	2,408		1,525 8,299,833 (67.9%)	463 2,404,162 (19.2%)	207 1,149,306 (9.0%)	101 517,862 (3.9%)	12,371,163

Nationwide

Popular vote results:

• George H. W. Bush - 8,253,512 (67.90%)
• Bob Dole - 2,333,375 (19.19%)
• Pat Robertson - 1,097,446 (9.02%)
• Jack Kemp - 331,333 (2.72%)
• Unpledged - 756,990 (4.48%)
• Pierre S. du Pont IV - 49,783 (0.41%)
• Alexander Haig - 26,619 (0.22%)
• Harold Stassen - 2,682 (0.01%)

Running mate

See also: 1988 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection

After Bush locked up the nomination in March, conventional wisdom leaned toward the notion of a Southern running mate to balance the ticket. The former Governor of Tennessee, Lamar Alexander, was seen by many as the most logical choice, and some early reports described him as Bush's personal preference. Another high-profile possibility, also from Tennessee, was the former Senate Majority Leader and White House Chief of Staff Howard Baker. Despite the early attention – which included a supportive editorial written by former President Richard Nixon – Baker told the press that he would prefer to be left out of consideration.

Bush's running mate, however, would not be revealed until August 16, allowing speculation to intensify all the way to the national convention. Bob Dole, who was considered a leading contender based on his second-place finish in the primaries, expressed impatience with the wait but nonetheless made plain his keen desire for the job. So too did Jack Kemp, who confidently told reporters that he would make "a terrific campaigner and a terrific candidate and a terrific vice president". Both men were thought to rank high on Bush's list of potential picks.

Other highly rated prospects included two people quite close to Dole. His wife, Elizabeth Dole, had served as Transportation Secretary under President Reagan and was a popular figure among conservatives and women – two key demographics that Bush was struggling to galvanize. A second option was Dole's fellow U.S. Senator from Kansas, Nancy Kassebaum. Other figures who were believed to be under Bush's close consideration included the Governor of Nebraska Kay Orr, the former Governor of Pennsylvania Dick Thornburgh, the Governor of New Jersey Tom Kean, and the sitting U.S. Senators Bill Armstrong of Colorado, Pete Domenici of New Mexico, and Richard Lugar and Dan Quayle, both of Indiana.

U.S. Senator Alan Simpson of Wyoming was also widely believed to be a possible selection, but he publicly stated that he wasn't interested in the position. This placed him in the company of Baker and others who had declared that they did not want to be considered, such as the Governor of California George Deukmejian and the Governor of Illinois Jim Thompson. Shortly ahead of the convention, however, Bush reopened speculation about all of them when he implied that he would not necessarily give up on any demurring prospects.

Long-shot possibilities included several Republicans who were popular in their home states but held limited name recognition nationally, such as U.S. Representative Lynn Martin of Illinois, the Governor of South Carolina Carroll Campbell, and the two U.S. Senators of Missouri, John Danforth and Christopher Bond. Nontraditional selections who were seen as credible alternatives included the National Security Advisor Colin Powell, the former UN Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick, Education Secretary William Bennett, former EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus, and even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor.

Bush announced his selection of 41-year-old Dan Quayle on the second day of the convention.

See also

• 1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries

External links

• Booknotes interview with Dayton Duncan on Grass Roots: One Year in the Life of the New Hampshire Presidential Primary, March 31, 1991.