Wikipedia

Red Hill water crisis

The Red Hill water crisis is a public health crisis and environmental disaster caused by fuel leaking from the Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility into the freshwater aquifer underneath the island of Oʻahu.[1] Residents in military housing in and around Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam began reporting chemical contamination in their tap water near the end of November 2021, and the Hawaiʻi Department of Health advised residents to stop using their tap water on November 29, 2021.[2][3] All residents of the area (not just military housing) were unable to use their tap water until the following March, after their water system was flushed of contaminants.[4][5]

Red Hill water crisis
Interior of the Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility in 2016
DateNovember 20, 2021 – present (2021-11-20 – present)
LocationJoint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam and urban Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, U.S.
Coordinates21°22′26″N 157°53′38″W / 21.37389°N 157.89389°W / 21.37389; -157.89389
TypeGroundwater contamination (various petroleum products)

The fuel spill from the Red Hill facility also forced the shutdown of several water sources operated by the Honolulu Board of Water Supply that provided drinking water for urban Honolulu.[6][7] Due to uncertainty about the spread of fuel contamination underground, these water sources will remain shut down indefinitely, which has caused a shortage of water for Honolulu residents.[8][9][10] Voluntary water usage reductions were announced on March 10, 2022, and compliance has avoided the imposition of mandatory water restrictions as of May 2022.[11][12][13]

Background

edit
 
Red Hill as viewed from Hālawa Valley

Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility

edit
Main article: Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility

The Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility (formally named the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility) was originally completed by the U.S. Navy in 1943, to replace above-ground storage tanks that were vulnerable to air attack. The Red Hill facility includes twenty underground fuel storage tanks. Each tank is 100 feet (30 meters) in diameter and 250 feet (76 meters) in height, and can store 12.5 million U.S. gallons (47.3 million liters) of fuel, for a total storage capacity of approximately 250 million U.S. gallons (946 million liters). The fuel stored at the Red Hill facility is used by ships and aircraft based at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. The facility's location within the Red Hill ridge about 2+1⁄2 miles (4.0 kilometers) from Pearl Harbor was selected to allow fuel to flow from the storage tanks to Pearl Harbor by gravity.[14][15][16][17]

The placement of the Red Hill facility also meant that it was located directly above a freshwater aquifer that supplies the island of Oʻahu with the bulk of the island's drinking water.[18] A major leak of 27,000 U.S. gallons (100,000 liters) of fuel in January 2014 drew attention from both the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Hawaiʻi Department of Health (DOH), which led to the Navy entering into an agreement (formally titled the "Administrative Order on Consent," or AOC) to enhance monitoring for leaks and build structural improvements that would reduce the chance of a leak occurring.[19] The AOC also required the Navy to implement a secondary containment solution (such as building a tank-within-a-tank) or empty the Red Hill facility by 2042.[20][21] Following the implementation of the AOC, Rear Admiral Robert Chadwick (the then-commander of Navy Region Hawaii) was quoted in 2019, "People can rest assured that what happened in 2014, that type of event could not happen again with the procedures we have in place now."[20]

Water systems

edit

The Navy operates a water system that serves approximately 93,000 people on Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam and in military housing in nearby areas.[18][22] This system also serves Kapilina Beach Homes, a former military housing area in Iroquois Point that was converted into civilian rental housing.[23] This water system distributes water collected from three water sources, one of which is approximately 2,600 feet (790 meters) from the storage tanks at the Red Hill facility.[18]

The Honolulu Board of Water Supply (BWS) is the municipal water utility for the island of Oʻahu, and is an agency of the City and County of Honolulu.[24] BWS operates an islandwide water system that serves nearly all of Oʻahu's 1 million residents with water from 100 water sources that tap into groundwater located in aquifers underneath the island.[25][26] The largest of these was the Hālawa Shaft, which provided approximately 10–12 million U.S. gallons (38–45 million liters) of water per day, which is about 20% of the water used by urban Honolulu.[26][27] The Hālawa Shaft is located approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 meters) from the storage tanks at the Red Hill facility.[18]

Both water systems draw water from the same aquifer under Hālawa Valley and Red Hill, where the water table is located about 100 feet (30 meters) below the Red Hill storage tanks.[18][26]

Water contamination

edit

On May 6, 2021, approximately 20,000 U.S. gallons (76,000 liters) of fuel leaked from a storage tank at the Red Hill facility when an operator error caused a pressure surge within a pipeline in the facility, which in turn caused the pipeline to rupture and leak fuel.[28][29] Most of the leaked fuel then flowed into a drain line that was part of the facility's fire suppression system.[28][29][30][31] The fuel sat in the drain line for the next six months, until a cart crashed into the drain line on November 20, 2021, rupturing the drain line and releasing the fuel, where it then flowed into the ground surrounding the facility and into the aquifer.[30][31][28][29] The November 20 leak occurred approximately 1,300 feet (400 meters) from a well that provided water for the Navy water system.[31]

An internal investigation by the Navy into the May 6 and November 20 leaks found that the initial error that caused the May 6 leak was compounded by a failure to properly investigate and account for where the leaked fuel went within the facility.[28][29] In the aftermath of the May 6 leak, Red Hill facility staff erroneously believed that the leaked fuel remained in a pipeline in the facility's fuel distribution system, and were not aware that the fuel had entered the facility's fire suppression system.[28][29]

Beginning in the late spring of 2021 (at around the same time as the May 6 leak), residents living in military housing in the vicinity of Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam began suffering from unusual medical problems, including hair falling out, fatigue, and skin rashes.[32][33] Within one week of the November 20 leak, residents saw that their water had an oily sheen and smelled like fuel.[2][3] The DOH issued a notice on November 29 advising Navy water system users to stop drinking and using their tap water.[2][34][35][36] While the Navy initially declared the water safe,[37] the Navy acknowledged that their water system was seriously contaminated with petroleum products on December 2,[38][39] and began evacuating residents from affected military housing areas the following day.[40][41] About 4,000 families moved into nearby hotels since their tap water at home was unusable.[42] The Navy collected water samples from over 1,000 affected homes to gauge the scope of contamination, but only tested a subset of those water samples for total organic carbons, with the remaining samples never tested at all.[33]

The Navy's water well nearest to the Red Hill facility was found to be heavily contaminated with 140,000 parts per billion (ppb) of total petroleum hydrocarbons associated with diesel (TPH-d) and 20,000 parts per billion of total petroleum hydrocarbons associated with gasoline (TPH-g).[43][44] The safe limits for these chemicals in drinking water are 400 parts per billion for TPH-d and 300 parts per billion for TPH-g.[43][44] Water in piping at a second Navy well was also found to be contaminated above the safe limit, with 920 parts per billion of TPH-d.[45][46]

A survey jointly conducted by the DOH and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in January and February 2022 found that 87% of 2,289 individuals surveyed reported being sickened by fuel contamination in their water.[47][48] 37% of those surveyed reported seeking medical care to address their symptoms, and seventeen individuals were hospitalized overnight.[47][49]

Cleanup efforts

edit

Remediation of the Navy's water well nearest to the Red Hill facility began with Navy divers entering the well to skim fuel from the surface of the well water.[50][51] In January 2022, this shifted to pumping water from the well through activated carbon filters and discharging the filtered water in Hālawa Stream.[52][53] Pumping out contaminated groundwater is intended to prevent the spilled fuel from spreading further into the aquifer.[54] Pumping water into Hālawa Stream continues as of June 2022 and is expected to continue for the foreseeable future, until the DOH determines that the underground fuel plume is not moving through the aquifer.[55]

Two of the three wells supplying the Navy water system were shut down due to contamination, but the third well was able to continue providing clean water and remained in operation;[18][56] however, fuel from the contaminated water had leached into the piping of the Navy water system and rendered it unable to deliver clean water.[57][58] To remediate the Navy water system, clean water was systematically pumped through contaminated sections of the water system until testing determined that contamination was below safe levels.[58][59][60] Decontamination of the Navy water system was declared complete on March 18, 2022, with regular testing expected to continue for at least six months afterward.[4][5][61]

Although the Navy water system has been officially considered safe to use since March 18, 2022, residents who use the Navy water system have continued to find water contamination and suffer from medical problems (such as unusual skin rashes) as of July 2022.[56][62]

Effects on Oʻahu water supply

edit
 
Main office of the Honolulu Board of Water Supply

BWS stopped pumping water from the Hālawa Shaft on December 2, 2021, three days after the DOH issued their advisory notice to Navy water system users.[6] While no contaminants were detected in water pumped from the Hālawa Shaft, BWS shut down the Hālawa Shaft due to the risk that continuing to pump water would draw contaminants through the aquifer under Hālawa Valley and eventually into the BWS water system.[8][18] Two other BWS wells were also shut down on December 8 after contamination was found in a second Navy water well.[18][63]

Shutting down the three water sources did not result in immediate water shortages because the shutdowns occurred during the wet winter season,[8][18] but as water usage rose during the following spring, BWS issued a request for Oʻahu water users to voluntarily reduce water consumption by 10% on March 10.[64][65][66] The water shortage was anticipated to have severe impacts on Honolulu over the summer, including curtailing planned construction projects[9] and the imposition of mandatory water restrictions,[11][12] but as of May 24, 2022, BWS has stated that voluntary reductions in water use have been enough to avoid more drastic measures.[13][67]

BWS has stated that the Hālawa Shaft and the other two wells will remain shut down indefinitely due to uncertainty about the spread of the underground fuel plume.[7][10] Constructing new water sources to replace the lost pumping capacity is expected to take five to seven years.[9][68] A monitoring well that is about 1,500 feet (460 meters) southeast of the Red Hill facility was reported to have petroleum contamination in August 2022.[69]

Shutdown of Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility

edit

As the state agency responsible for regulating underground storage tanks, the DOH issued an emergency order on December 6, 2021 directing the Navy to shut down the Red Hill facility.[70][71][72] Under a provision of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the DOH has the authority to regulate and oversee the Red Hill facility even though the facility is owned and operated by the federal government.[70][73] The Navy sought a contested case hearing to challenge the DOH emergency order, and the order was upheld on December 27[74][75] and went into effect on January 3, 2022.[76][77]

At the direction of U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin,[78] the Navy has agreed to comply with the DOH's emergency order, and will not contest the DOH's authority to issue the order or the validity of the order.[79][80][81] Under a revised emergency order issued by the DOH, the Navy has submitted a plan to defuel the Red Hill facility and is required to submit a plan to shut down the facility by November 1, 2022.[82][83][84][needs update] A consultant for the Navy determined that emptying the fuel from the Red Hill facility's tanks will require extensive repairs that must be completed to address numerous safety hazards (such as fire hazards and corroded piping) within the facility,[85][86][87] and under the Navy's defueling plan submitted to the DOH, the Red Hill facility will be emptied of fuel no earlier than December 31, 2024.[84][88]

Litigation

edit

In several legal cases brought under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), 7,500 people sued the Navy over the water contamination and possible resulting health effects. The first trial began in April 2024.[89][90][91]

BWS also filed an FTCA claim against the Navy for $1.2 billion, primarily to recover the costs of establishing new water sources to replace the Hālawa Shaft and other closed wells.[92][93] BWS' claim is expected to result in a protracted court case.[94]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Jedra, Christina (January 11, 2022). "Navy Agrees To Comply With Hawaii's Order To Drain Red Hill Fuel Facility". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Jedra, Christina (November 29, 2021). "State Tells Pearl Harbor Navy Families Not To Drink Or Use Tap Water". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  3. ^ a b Richardson, Mahealani (November 30, 2021). "A military family invited us in to see (and smell) their water firsthand. Here's what we saw". Hawaii News Now. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  4. ^ a b Olson, Wyatt (March 19, 2022). "Safe water restored to all Hawaii homes contaminated by Navy jet fuel, health officials say". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  5. ^ a b Lau, Joel (March 18, 2022). "Final Red Hill Families Are Cleared To Return Home". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  6. ^ a b "Well that delivers 20% of Honolulu's water supply shut down to protect against contamination". Hawaii News Now. December 3, 2021. Archived from the original on February 1, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  7. ^ a b Jedra, Christina (April 4, 2022). "Where Is The Red Hill Contamination Moving? Experts Are 'Working Blind'". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c Shinno, Stephanie; Morales, Manolo (December 13, 2021). "BWS says test results for Halawa Shaft show no contamination but the threat remains". KHON2. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  9. ^ a b c Jedra, Christina (March 21, 2022). "The Navy Water Crisis Could Halt New Construction On Oahu". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on April 11, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  10. ^ a b Hurley, Timothy (April 10, 2022). "Hot, dry summer could bring mandatory water restrictions on Oahu". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2648683908. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  11. ^ a b Richardson, Mahealani (April 25, 2022). "With water restrictions possible, BWS eyes worsening drought with concern". Hawaii News Now. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  12. ^ a b Blair, Allyson (May 12, 2022). "BWS scrambles to get wells online in hopes of avoiding mandatory restrictions". Hawaii News Now. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  13. ^ a b Richardson, Mahealani (May 24, 2022). "BWS: Mandatory water restrictions this summer now appear avoidable". Hawaii News Now. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  14. ^ Environmental Protection Agency (February 11, 2016). "What is the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility?". Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  15. ^ Olson, Wyatt (October 24, 2019). "Navy's underground fuel tanks in Hawaii are impenetrable to attack — and that's the problem". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  16. ^ Cocke, Sophie (January 30, 2014). "Red Hill: EPA May Force New Fuel Leak Detection System for Toxic Spills". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  17. ^ Woodbury, David O. (1946). Builders for Battle: How the Pacific Naval Air Bases Were Constructed. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co. pp. 178–204.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i Jedra, Christina (December 12, 2021). "How The Red Hill Fuel System Has Threatened Oahu's Drinking Water For Decades". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on February 16, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  19. ^ Environmental Protection Agency (February 2018). "Red Hill Administrative Order on Consent". Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  20. ^ a b Jedra, Christina (October 18, 2019). "Navy Resists Calls To Relocate Or Strengthen Red Hill Fuel Tanks". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  21. ^ Jedra, Christina (October 28, 2021). "Navy On The Defensive As Criticism Of Red Hill Fuel Facility Intensifies". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  22. ^ Knodell, Kevin (December 12, 2021). "Red Hill's troubled past casts a shadow on Navy operations". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2609014748. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
  23. ^ Richardson, Mahealani (December 8, 2021). "Investigation into Navy's tainted water extends to civilian housing project in Ewa Beach". Hawaii News Now. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  24. ^ Honolulu Board of Water Supply. "About Us". Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  25. ^ Honolulu Board of Water Supply. "Hawaiʻi's Water Cycle". Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  26. ^ a b c Hurley, Timothy (December 5, 2021). "Worst-case scenario puts Oahu aquifer at risk". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2606347153. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  27. ^ Honolulu Board of Water Supply (November 19, 2021). "Hālawa Shaft and Underground Pumping Station" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  28. ^ a b c d e Jedra, Christina (June 30, 2022). "Red Hill Investigations: The Navy Failed To Prevent And Respond To Fuel Contamination". Honolulu Civil Beat. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  29. ^ a b c d e Cocke, Sophie (July 1, 2022). "Long list of failures caused Red Hill leak, Navy investigation finds". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2682703917. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  30. ^ a b Cocke, Sophie (December 22, 2021). "Navy now says major release from Red Hill tank in May may be source of water contamination". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2612315735. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  31. ^ a b c Jedra, Christina (February 14, 2022). "Red Hill's Firefighting System Was Damaged Long Before Contamination Crisis". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  32. ^ Horton, Alex; Demirjian, Karoun (December 21, 2021). "Military families say they were ill months before jet-fuel leak brought scrutiny to Pearl Harbor's tap water". Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 10, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  33. ^ a b Cocke, Sophie (September 6, 2022). "Hundreds of Red Hill water samples never tested for fuel". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2709869327. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  34. ^ "DOH: Navy water system users should avoid consuming water after 'fuel-like' odor reported". Hawaii News Now. November 29, 2021. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  35. ^ Cocke, Sophie (November 30, 2021). "Military families living near Red Hill blame sickness on tainted water". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2604322462. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  36. ^ Hawaiʻi Department of Health (November 30, 2021). "Hawai'i Department of Health advises Navy water system consumers not to drink, consume tap water" (Press release). Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  37. ^ Nostrant, Rachel (November 30, 2021). "Despite reports of rashes, sickness after fuel leak, Hawaii base water is safe, Navy says". Military Times. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
  38. ^ "Navy tests confirm petroleum contamination in Red Hill drinking water well". Hawaii News Now. December 2, 2021. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  39. ^ Jedra, Christina (December 2, 2021). "Navy Confirms Petroleum Was Detected In The Red Hill Well". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  40. ^ Jowers, Karen (December 3, 2021). "Oil found in water for military families in Hawaii, Navy confirms; some residents moving to hotels". Military Times. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
  41. ^ Britzky, Haley (December 30, 2021). "The Army showed the Navy how not to mismanage the contaminated water crisis in Hawaii". Task & Purpose. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  42. ^ Lau, Joel (February 24, 2022). "These Displaced Red Hill Families Are Tired Of Staying In A Waikiki Hotel". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  43. ^ a b Cocke, Sophie (December 11, 2021). "Samples from Navy's Red Hill drinking water shaft contained diesel fuel 350 times above safe levels". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2608793887. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  44. ^ a b Hofschneider, Anita (December 10, 2021). "State Finds Red Hill Contamination Far Above Health Thresholds For Drinking Water". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
  45. ^ Jedra, Christina (December 9, 2021). "Navy Says Second Well Might Not Be Contaminated, Prompting Confusion". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
  46. ^ Olson, Wyatt (December 10, 2021). "Fuel-tainted water raises questions about integrity of second Navy well in Hawaii". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  47. ^ a b Hawaiʻi Department of Health (May 26, 2022). "DOH, CDC/ATDSR Red Hill Survey Results Assess Health Effects of Contamination" (Press release). Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  48. ^ Bodon, Sabrina (May 27, 2022). "87% of CDC survey participants reported health symptoms from Red Hill water contamination". Hawaiʻi Public Radio. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  49. ^ Cocke, Sophie (May 27, 2022). "Survey details ills from Navy's fuel-tainted water". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2669981931. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  50. ^ Knodell, Kevin (December 13, 2021). "Navy divers work to remove fuel contaminants at Red Hill water facility". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2609221839. Archived from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
  51. ^ Schenfeld, Nikki (December 12, 2021). "Navy gives inside look of cleanup efforts at Red Hill Shaft". KHON2. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  52. ^ Kim, Scott; Cruz, Catherine (January 31, 2022). "Navy begins flushing water from Red Hill Shaft into Halawa Stream". Hawaiʻi Public Radio. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  53. ^ Jedra, Christina (January 27, 2022). "Water From Contaminated Red Hill Well Will Be Treated, Discharged Into Halawa Stream". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  54. ^ Hawaiʻi Department of Health (January 27, 2022). "DOH Grants Permit to Navy to Remove Fuel Contamination From Red Hill Shaft" (Press release). Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  55. ^ Cocke, Sophie (June 28, 2022). "No end in sight for Red Hill water pumping". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2681354815. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  56. ^ a b Jedra, Christina (May 13, 2022). "Some Military Families Still Don't Trust Their Water. The Navy Says It's Safe". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on June 10, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  57. ^ Treisman, Rachel (December 15, 2021). "Thousands displaced from Oahu military base due to contamination in Navy water system". NPR. Archived from the original on February 15, 2022. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  58. ^ a b Richardson, Mahealani (December 20, 2021). "Navy begins filtering tap water, but it could be a while before displaced residents can go home". Hawaii News Now. Archived from the original on June 2, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  59. ^ Kime, Patricia (January 24, 2022). "Navy Making Progress Flushing Contaminated Water at Pearl Harbor as CDC Wants to Hear from Residents". Military.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  60. ^ "Navy completes initial flushing of water system lines serving Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. January 21, 2022. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  61. ^ Hawaiʻi Department of Health (March 18, 2022). "DOH Declares Four Navy Drinking Water Distribution System Zones Safe" (Press release). Archived from the original on May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  62. ^ Consillio, Kristen (July 1, 2022). "'This was supposed to be…paradise' | Military mom on Ford Island leaving Hawaii due to ongoing water contamination at home". KITV. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
  63. ^ "In wake of well shutdowns, BWS asks residents to use water wisely to avoid restrictions". Hawaii News Now. December 9, 2021. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  64. ^ Jedra, Christina (March 10, 2022). "Honolulu Water Customers Asked To Reduce Water Usage". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  65. ^ Yee, Chelsea; Moore, Bryce (March 10, 2022). "BWS explains request for water conservation on Oahu". KHON2. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  66. ^ Honolulu Board of Water Supply (March 10, 2022). "Signs of Strain on Beretania Wells Prompts Call for All Oahu Water Users to Voluntarily Reduce Use by 10%" (Press release). Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  67. ^ Bodon, Sabrina (May 25, 2022). "Voluntary water conservation is paying off for Oʻahu, Board of Water Supply says". Hawaiʻi Public Radio. Archived from the original on June 2, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  68. ^ Blair, Allyson (September 12, 2022). "As Red Hill crisis drags on, Board of Water Supply races to drill new wells". Hawaii News Now. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  69. ^ "BWS detects petroleum contamination in Moanalua Valley monitoring well". Hawaii News Now. August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  70. ^ a b Jedra, Christina (December 7, 2021). "Navy's Opposition To Governor's Red Hill Order Raises Question Of State Versus Federal Power". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  71. ^ Cocke, Sophie; Knodell, Kevin (December 7, 2021). "State orders shutdown of Navy's Red Hill fuel facility". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2607223741. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  72. ^ "State orders Navy to suspend operations at Red Hill, de-fuel underground tanks". Hawaii News Now. December 6, 2021. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  73. ^ 42 U.S.C. § 6991f
  74. ^ Jedra, Christina (December 27, 2021). "Hearing Officer Calls For Closing Red Hill Fuel Facility To Avert 'Imminent Threat'". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  75. ^ Cocke, Sophie (December 28, 2021). "Red Hill fuel facility a 'ticking time bomb,' Hawaii official says". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2614644075. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  76. ^ Jedra, Christina (January 3, 2022). "Hawaii Health Department Affirms Order To Shut Down Red Hill Fuel Tanks". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  77. ^ Cocke, Sophie (January 4, 2022). "Hawaii Department of Health upholds emergency order to drain Navy's Red Hill fuel tanks". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Archived from the original on June 12, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  78. ^ Demirjian, Karoun; Horton, Alex (March 7, 2022). "Pentagon to shutter fuel storage facility that contaminated drinking water at Pearl Harbor". Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  79. ^ Jedra, Christina (April 22, 2022). "Feds Agree To Stop Fighting Order To Drain Red Hill". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  80. ^ Cocke, Sophie (April 23, 2022). "Navy drops lawsuit against Hawaii over defueling Red Hill". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2653501985. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  81. ^ McAvoy, Audrey (April 25, 2022). "Military drops appeal of Hawaiʻi order to drain fuel tanks". Hawaiʻi Public Radio. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  82. ^ Cocke, Sophie (May 11, 2022). "Navy given 6 months to submit plan for closing Red Hill". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2661860677. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  83. ^ Cruz, Catherine (May 11, 2022). "Hawaiʻi issues 2nd emergency order to Navy to defuel and close Red Hill". Hawaiʻi Public Radio. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  84. ^ a b Knodell, Kevin (July 1, 2022). "Pentagon releases 2-year plan to drain Red Hill fuel tanks". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2682703904. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  85. ^ "Read the third-party assessment of the Navy Red Hill fuel storage facility". Hawaiʻi Public Radio. May 27, 2022. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  86. ^ Jedra, Christina (May 27, 2022). "Consultant: Fixing Red Hill's Decrepit Infrastructure Could Take 2 Years". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  87. ^ Cocke, Sophie (May 28, 2022). "Major repairs needed for Red Hill fuel to be drained". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. ProQuest 2670542687. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  88. ^ Ordonio, Cassie (July 1, 2022). "Oahu Water Chief Urges Navy To Drain Red Hill Fuel Tanks Faster". Honolulu Civil Beat. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  89. ^ Cruz, Catherine (April 25, 2024). "Military families will have their day in court over 2021 fuel-contaminated water". Hawai'i Public Radio. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  90. ^ Marklay, Chloe (December 9, 2022). "Over 100 military families sue Navy over health impacts of fuel contamination at Red Hill". KITV / Island News.
  91. ^ Kime, Patricia (September 28, 2023). "Legal Claims over Red Hill Water Contamination Balloon to 4,600 as November Filing Deadline Looms". Military.com. Retrieved May 1, 2024.
  92. ^ Jedra, Christina (November 21, 2023). "Honolulu Water Utility Demands Navy Pay $1.2 Billion For Red Hill Costs". Honolulu Civil Beat. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  93. ^ Ladao, Mark (November 22, 2023). "Board of Water Supply wants $1.2B from Navy for recovery costs of Red Hill fuel leak". Hawaiʻi Public Radio. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  94. ^ Richardson, Mahealani (May 22, 2024). "Legal analysts: Board of Water Supply's $1.2B claim with Navy likely headed to lawsuit". Hawaii News Now. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Red_Hill_water_crisis&oldid=1247360056"