This article may be unbalanced toward certain viewpoints. (January 2024) |
Racism within the Muslim world is a source of concern, particularly for Black Muslims and other Muslims of color.[1][2] Black Muslims throughout the world report that they face racism from other Muslims who are of Arab, Asian, white, or other non-Black background. In countries where white people form the demographic majority, white Muslims may enjoy certain privileges over their non-white counterparts, including preferential treatment within the Muslim community, although both white Muslims and Black Muslims may be used in a tokenistic way in institutional settings to emphasize the supposed diversity of a Muslim organization. In Arab-Muslim majority countries, racism against Black Muslims and Asian Muslims, especially South Asian Muslims, is often ubiquitous. Racist attitudes and oppression perpetrated in the Arab-Muslim world against Black Muslims is deeply connected to the long legacy of the Trans-Saharan slave trade, the Red Sea slave trade, and the Indian Ocean slave trade.
Issues
editIn Western societies, both white Muslims and Black Muslims may be used in a tokenistic way in institutional settings to emphasize the supposed diversity of a Muslim organization. White Muslims may be strategically placed "on the front stage for advertisement purposes". Black Muslims in France report that they are tokenized for diversity purposes in predominantly non-Black Muslim spaces that do not truly value or include Black Muslim voices.[3]
Slavery
editBy country
editAustralia
editWhite converts to Islam may enjoy white privileges that Muslims of color do not enjoy in Australia. White Muslims may be perceived as non-white if they are visibly Muslim, such as by wearing a hijab, but many white privileges would return if the white Muslim were to dress in a less visibly Islamic fashion. A white hijabi may receive less white privilege than a white non-hijabi due to the fact that Muslim identity is often racialized within Australian society.[4]
Non-Black and white Muslims in Australia may use the N-word or other racial slurs, believing that because Australian Muslims are mostly brown and because Islam is a racialized religion, that the words are not offensive coming from Muslims.[4]
According to Australian Muslim journalist Zahra Al-Hilaly, Black Muslims face racism that non-Black Muslims do not experience. She has written that she has racial privilege as a non-Black Arab Muslim and that "White Muslims are often praised and feted, but black Muslims do not receive the same reception, leadership roles or attention in the Muslim community."[5]
Canada
editMuslim Link, an online hub for Canadian Muslims, has posted the Muslim Anti-Racism Collaborative's "Anti-Racism Guide for White Muslims". The Muslim Anti-Racism Collaborative is a US-based racial justice education organization with members in the US and Canada. While white Muslims experience Islamophobia in Canada, they may also benefit from white privilege in ways that Canadian Muslims of color do not experience. Some white Muslims may believe that because they are Muslim they are therefore incapable of being racist. According to Muslim Link's anti-racism guide, white Muslims "have been socialized as white people, with messages from our families, teachers, media and society about whiteness under an umbrella of white supremacy, both subtle and overt. We grew up without the lived experience of racism that People of Color have. This has both shaped and limited our understanding of racism."[6][7]
United Arab Emirates
editBlack Muslim bloggers have criticized the exclusion of Black Muslims from the Dubai-based Modest Fashion Week.[8][9]
United Kingdom
editAccording to Dr. Amena Amer, a British Muslim lecturer, white British Muslims enjoy white privilege not afforded to non-white Muslims. White Muslims' "whiteness offers them an opportunity to distance themselves from extremism, a tactic unavailable to non-white Muslims." White Muslims suspected of involvement in terrorism are sometimes afforded more leniency or understanding than Muslims of South Asian or Middle Eastern heritage.[10]
United States
editBlack Muslims in the United States experience the same anti-Black racism that other Black Americans face, as well as the same Islamophobia that other Muslim Americans face. Black Muslims also experience racism within predominantly non-Black Muslim communities. Because Muslims are often racialized as Arab or South Asian in American society, Black Muslims are often erased and made invisible. Black Muslims may experience racial discrimination in predominantly non-Black Arab-American and South Asian-American mosques.[11]
St. Louis, Missouri, has a legacy of anti-Black racism within white Muslim communities. While Bosnian Muslims experience a complicated relationship to whiteness, they are considered white by the US Census and may enjoy white privileges that Black residents of St. Louis may not enjoy.[12] In 2014, a Bosniak-American named Zamir Begic was beaten to death with hammers. The murder caused shock in the Bosnian community of St. Louis and protests were held against violent crime. Because Begic was white and his suspected assailants were Black and Latino, some claimed that the murder of Begic was an example of "black-on-white" crime while others claimed it was a "a targeted attack on Bosnians". While the belief that Begic was targeted due to his ethnicity or race contributed to racial tensions between the Black community and white Muslims of Bosnian descent, St. Louis police did not believe the attack had any ethnic or racial basis.[13][14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Research Guides: Middle East and North Africa: Racism in MENA Region".
- ^ Phares, Walid (18 March 2008). The Confrontation: Winning the War against Future Jihad. St. Martin's Publishing. ISBN 9780230610927.
- ^ "White Muslims, Black Muslims". Critical Muslim. 10 August 2020. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
- ^ a b "'Islam is a Blackfella Religion, Whatchya Trying to Prove?': race in the lives of white Muslim converts in Australia" (PDF). State Library Victoria. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
- ^ "We need to tackle anti-black racism in Muslim communities". SBS. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
- ^ "Beyond Colour-Blind: On Writing an Anti-Racism Guide for White Muslims". Muslim Link. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
- ^ "Combating Anti-Black Racism". Harvard University. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
- ^ "Dubai's Modest Fashion Week 'excludes' Black Muslim bloggers". The New Arab. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
- ^ "Muslim Women Are Calling Out Dubai's Modest Fashion Week For A Lack Of Diversity". BuzzFeed. 23 December 2017. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
- ^ "When racialised assumptions don't fit: White Muslims and the contestation of threat". London School of Economics. 24 October 2018.
- ^ "Black Muslim Experiences". Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
- ^ "There's another community upset in St. Louis over a senseless killing". Quartz. 11 December 2014. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
- ^ "Are the media ignoring another St Louis killing?". BBC News. 3 December 2014. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
- ^ "St. Louis Bosnians Have Been Dragged to the Forefront of the City's Racial Tensions". Vice News. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 2022-04-17.
Sources
edit- Mishin, Dmitrij (1998). The Saqaliba slaves in the Aghlabid state (PDF). Budapest: Central European University.
External links
edit- Conversion Isn’t a Ticket Out of White Supremacy, Religion & Politics
- I’m Muslim and I Support BLM: Undoing Anti-Black Racism in Our Communities, Advocates for Youth
- Muslim Anti-Racism Collaborative, MuslimARC
- Racism in Our Ranks, Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research
- Yes, Muslims are Racists too, Muslim Mirror