Quercus hartwissiana, the Strandzha oak[3] (Bulgarian: странджански дъб), is a species of oak, native to southeastern Bulgaria, northern Asia Minor along the Black Sea, and the Caucasus. It was described by the Finnish-born Russian botanist and entomologist Christian von Steven in 1857.
| Quercus hartwissiana | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Fagaceae |
| Genus: | Quercus |
| Subgenus: | Quercus subg. Quercus |
| Section: | Quercus sect. Quercus |
| Species: | Q. hartwissiana
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| Binomial name | |
| Quercus hartwissiana | |
| Synonyms[1][2] | |
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List
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Description
editQuercus hartwissiana is a large deciduous tree, reaching heights of 35 metres (115 feet),[1] with umbrella-shaped crown and ascending branches. The bark is thick, finely furrowed, almost black. The shoots are dark reddish-brown and bald.[1][4] The buds are broad, oval or almost round, 6 to 7 millimetres (1⁄4 to 9⁄32 inch) long, with short burnished scales. The petiole is 1.5 to 2 centimetres (1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in) long. The leaves are 12 to 14 cm (4+1⁄2 to 5+1⁄2 in) long and 7 to 9 cm wide, slightly convex in the base, and have seven to ten pairs of fairly regular, short, rounded to pointed lobes.[4] The leaf veins are all directed into the lobes of the leaf, not into the indentations between them. The top of the leaf is bright green, the underside is dull, with a dark brown shading, with fine fleece and somewhat longer reddish hairs along the leaf veins, or in the angles between them.
On a petiole with a length of 2 to 7 cm, there are one to four acorns. Their fruits mature in the first year.[5] The acorns are 2.5 to 3 cm long and 1.2 to 1.5 cm wide, the fruit cups measure 1.5 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter. The scales of the fruit cup are almost full to the top.[5]
Epithet
editThe specific epithet hartwissiana is in honour of Russian botanist Nicolai Anders von Hartwiss.
Distribution
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Quercus hartwissiana is found in the Euxine–Colchic deciduous forests ecoregion, in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome along the Black Sea from the south-easternmost parts of the Balkan Peninsula along northern Asia Minor to western Caucasus.[1] It grows in Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia and Russia. In Bulgaria Quercus hartwissiana grows in Strandzha Nature Park and is distributed in the dense forest ecotype and the karst or xelophilous ecotype.[3] In Strandzha it grows near river valleys, especially those of Veleka and Rezovo. There it is mixed with Carpinus betulus, Fagus orientalis, Sorbus torminalis, Quercus pubescens, Quercus cerris, Quercus frainetto, Carpinus orientalis and the shrubs Cistus creticus and Daphne pontica.[3]
In Russia it occurs in the basin of the Mzymta River and in the North Caucasus. In Georgia it is known from Abkhazia, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo, Imereti, Guria and Adjara; in eastern Georgia it is now known only from Kakheti.
It always occurs in mixed forests along with other tree species. Quercus hartwissiana prefers warm and humid climate and grows on fresh to moist soil from the lowland to an altitude of 1,200 to 1,500 m (3,900 to 4,900 ft).[1] It is a pre-glacial relict and is considered to be the ancestor of Quercus robur and Quercus petraea.[3]
Fossil record
editFossils of Quercus hartwissiana have been described from the fossil flora of Kızılcahamam district in Turkey, which is of early Pliocene age.[6]
See also
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e "Quercus hartwissiana". Oaks of the World. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ "Quercus hartwissiana Steven". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 19 January 2017 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- ^ a b c d Konstantinov & Brostilova 1997
- ^ a b Hedge & Yaltırık 1982, p. 664
- ^ a b Polunin 1988, p. 288
- ^ Kasaplıgil, Baki (1977). "Ankara, Kızılcahamam yakınındaki Güvem köyü civarında bulunan son tersiyer kozalaklı-yeşil yapraklı ormanı" [A Late-Tertiary Conifer-Hardwood Forest From the Vicinity of Güvem Village, Near Kızılcahamam, Ankara] (PDF). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration (in Turkish and English). 88. Ankara: General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration: 94–102.
References
edit- Hedge, Ian C.; Yaltırık, Faik (1982). Quercus. In: Peter Hadland Davis (Hrsg.): Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 7 (Orobanchaceae to Rubiaceae). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-85224-396-0.
- Konstantinov, Konstantin; Brostilova, Maria (1997). "The area of Quercus hartwissiana (Fagaceae) and opportunities of its extension in Bulgaria. In: Bocconea. Band 5". Bocconea: Monographiae Herbarii Mediterranei Panoramitani Sub Auspiciis Societatis Botanicorum Mediterraneorum "Optima" Nuncupate Editae. ISSN 1120-4060.
- Polunin, Oleg (1988). Flowers of Greece and the Balkans - a field guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-281998-4.
External links
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- "Oaks of the World". Retrieved 18 January 2017.