Push and pull factors in migration according to Everett S. Lee (1917-2007) are categories that demographers use to analyze human migration from former areas to new host locations. Lee's modearea that one live in, and pull factors are things that attract one to another host area.[1]
Factors
editPush
edit- Not enough jobs or opportunities
- Famine or drought
- Political fear of persecution
- Poor medical care
- Loss of wealth
- Natural disasters
- Death threats
- Desire for more political or religious freedom
- Pollution
- Poor housing
- Bullying
- Discrimination
- Poor chances of marrying
- Contamination
- War
- Sickness
Pull
edit- Job opportunities
- Higher Benefits
- Better living conditions
- Having more political or religious freedom
- Enjoyment
- Education
- Better medical care
- Attractive climates
- Security
- Family links
- Better chances of marrying
Criticism
editSociology professor Hein de Haas has criticized the push-pull model for its inability to explain real world migration patterns.[2]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ {{cite journal |jstor=2060063 |title=A Theory of Migration |journal=Demography |first=Everett S. |last=Lee |year=1966 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=47–57 |doi=10.2307/2060063 |s2cid=46976
- ^ de Haas, Hein (2021-02-24). "A theory of migration: the aspirations-capabilities framework". Comparative Migration Studies. 9 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/s40878-020-00210-4. ISSN 2214-594X. PMC 7902564. PMID 33680858.
Further reading
edit- Azunre, Gideon Abagna, Richard Azerigyik, and Pearl Puwurayire. "Deciphering the drivers of informal urbanization by Ghana's urban poor through the lens of the push-pull theory." InPlaning Forum Vol. 18. (2021). online
- Dorigo, Guido, and Waldo Tobler. "Push-pull migration laws." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73.1 (1983): 1-17 online
- Hoffmann, Ellen M., et al. "Is the push-pull paradigm useful to explain rural-urban migration? A case study in Uttarakhand, India." PloS one 14.4 (2019): e0214511. online
- Khalid, Bilal, and Mariusz Urbański. "Approaches to understanding migration: a mult-country analysis of the push and pull migration trend." Economics & Sociology 14.4 (2021): 242–267. DOI:10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-4/14
- Lee, Everett S. (1966). "A Theory of Migration". Demography. 3 (1): 47–57. doi:10.2307/2060063. JSTOR 2060063. S2CID 46976641.
- Yaro, Joseph A. "Development as push and pull factor in migration." Migration & Entwicklung (2008): 16+ online.