Project 640 was a missile defense development programme of the People's Republic of China that started in 1964. The programme pursued processes and technologies related to command and control, sensors, and weapons - including anti-ballistic missiles (ABM), lasers, and anti-satellite satellites.[1][2][3] The goal of deploying or testing a complete system in the mid-1970s was unrealistic. Technical challenges, economic constraints and competing programmes slowed progress in the 1970s. Project 640 formally ended in 1982 without a system being developed.[1]
Some areas of research, including anti-satellite weapons and lasers, continued under 863 Program which started in the late-1980s.[4][2]
History
editIn late-1963 and early-1964, Mao Zedong received reports on the use of missiles and lasers for missile defense. Mao voiced his approval for missile defence research in the "640" directive in February 1964; this was referenced by the project as 640. A high-level technical meeting in March 1964 chose ABMs as the preferred weapon. Project proposals and organizational changes proceeded into 1966. Development of a missile defence system was approved in August 1965, with testing targeted for 1973–1975; the designation Project 640 was assigned in March 1966. By early 1971, the first missile defence zone was to be installed at Beijing and Tianjin by 1974. A trial system installed at Tianjin for tests and simulations,[1] with additional support coming from the 068 Base constructed as part of the Third Front in Changsha.[1][5]
Progress was stymied by the lack of technical capability and disruption from the Cultural Revolution. No system was ever made; the ABMs remained under development through the late-1970s. Development slowed after 1974 as the programme was wound down. ABM development practically halted after 1978 when missile development priority shifted to the DF-5 intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Project 640 ended in 1982. Research on lasers and electromagnetic pulses continued elsewhere.[1]
Components
editMissiles
editABM development was codenamed Project 640-1 and carried out by the Second Academy of the Seventh Ministry of Machine Building.[1]
The first missile was the HQ-81 (simplified Chinese: 红旗-81; traditional Chinese: 紅旗-81; pinyin: Hóng Qí-81; lit. 'Red Banner-81'), later renamed to FJ-1 (Chinese: 反击-1; pinyin: Fǎn Jí-1; lit. 'Counter Attack-1'). The FJ-1 was designed to work with the 110 radar to intercept the warhead of a DF-3 ballistic missile at an altitude of 15 kilometers. Small-scale prototypes were launched in 1966. There were serious launch failures in 1972, and it was not until the late-1970s that satisfactory performance was achieved. By that time it was clearly obsolete and developed was stopped by early-1980.[1]
The FJ-2 was a short-ranged missile designed as an alternative to the FJ-1. Development started in 1970 and cancelled in 1973. Six test launches of small-scale prototypes - five of which succeeded - were made from October 1971 to April 1972; 5 of 6 launches were successful.[1]
The FJ-3 was intended to be a silo-launched three-stage solid fuel missile for intercepting targets at an altitude of hundreds of kilometers. It was to use the 715 guidance and the 7010 early warning radars. The FJ-3 was proposed in June 1971 and some work was carried out before being cancelled in 1977. The S-7 on-board computer designed for the FJ-3 was later used on the DF-5 ICBM.[1]
The Second Academy worked on anti-satellite satellite development at the same time as the FJ-1.[1]
Guns
editAnti-missile supergun development was codenamed Project 640-2 and carried out by the 210th Institute of the 20th Academy of the General Logistics Department, under the supervision of the Second Academy of the Seventh Ministry of Machine Building.[1]
From 1965 to 1968, subcaliber projectiles were test fired from smoothbore 85 mm and 140 mm guns; the latter's projectiles reached a height of 74 km. The 210th Institute also designed Pioneer, a 320 mm gun firing rocket or ramjet propelled subcaliber shells. Pioneer was 26 meters long and weighed 155 tons.[1]
Advances in penetration aids led to interest shifting from unguided projectiles to gun-launched missiles from 1970. Contemporary material science and technical capability could not meet requirements and supergun development ended in 1978.[1]
The research into the effects of high acceleration yielded some benefits. The 210th Institute and the 1410th Institute of the Ministry of Electronics Industry developed a gyroscope that could operate in 3000-5000 g; the device was used in other missiles. The research was also used to design parachutes for spacecraft during atmospheric entry.[1]
Lasers
editAnti-missile laser development was codenamed Project 640-3 and carried out by the Chinese Academy of Sciences's Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM),[1][3] which was founded in 1964 for laser research.[1]
SIOM constructed a 120 mm laser with a maximum output of 320 kilojoules (kJ). Higher beam quality reduced the required energy to 30 kJ. Test firings were made against aluminium targets; an 80 mm target at 10 meters indoors, and a 0.2 mm target at 2 kilometers outdoors. Development was cancelled in 1976 due to insurmountable technical problems.[1]
Support for laser development was reaffirmed in 1979[6] and was eventually continued as part of the 863 Program started in the late-1980s.[4]
Radar
editRadar development was codenamed Project 640-4 and carried out by the Fourth Ministry of Machine Building's 14th Electronics Research Institute in Nanjing. Project 640-4 produced the 7010 early warning and 110 tracking radars.[1][7]
Development of the 7010 phased array radar was approved in early-1970. Constructed started in 1972, with the incomplete unit being used for testing,[1] and was completed in 1976.[1][7] The full array was 40 meters wide and 20 meters high, and had a range of 3000 kilometers.[1] At least one 7010, built on a mountain side in Xuanhua at an elevation of 1600 meters, remained in service in 1999; it has been used for satellite tracking.[7]
Development of the 110 monopulse precision tracking radar started in 1966.[8] It was based on the 110 test radar from 1959.[1] It entered service in 1977 enclosed within a 44-meter diameter radome.[8]
Atmospheric entry
editResearch into the physics of atmospheric entry of warheads was codenamed Project 640-5.[1]
References
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w 姬文波 (5 February 2010). ""640"工程：中国第一代反弹道导弹防御工程研制始末". The Institute of Contemporary China Studies (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
- ^ a b Stokes 1999, p. 118.
- ^ a b Stokes 1999, p. 196.
- ^ a b Stokes 1999, p. 16.
- ^ Stokes 1999, p. 166.
- ^ Stokes 1999, p. 197.
- ^ a b c Stokes 1999, pp. 41–42.
- ^ a b Stokes 1999, p. 42.
Sources
edit- Stokes, Mark A. (1999). China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States. US Army War College Press.