In the process industry, chemical industry, manufacturing industry, and other commercial and industrial contexts, pipe marking is used to identify the contents, properties and flow direction of fluids in piping. It is typically carried out by marking piping through labels and color codes. Pipe marking helps personnel and fire response teams identify the correct pipes for operational, maintenance or emergency response purposes.
Background
editPipes are used extensively in commercial and industrial buildings and on industrial plant (e.g. oil refineries) to transfer fluids between items of plant and equipment.[1] Positive identification assists operations personnel to correctly identify plant when carrying out routine or maintenance activities, and for emergency personnel when responding to emergencies. Pipe marking is particularly important for identification where pipes run along pipe racks, through walls and bulkheads and through floors.[2]
A range of corporate, national and international codes, standards and regulations are in use around the world.
National standards: United States
editANSI/ASME Standards
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In the United States, Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations recommend following American Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard A13.1-2015 - Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems.[3]
The standard states that labels should be placed where easily viewed by a person standing near the pipe at any of the following points:[4]
| Meaning | Background Color | Text Color | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hazardous materials[a] | Safety Yellow | Black | Acetylene |
| Non-hazardous liquids | Safety Green | White | Stormwater |
| Non-hazardous gases | Safety Blue | White | Nitrogen |
| Firefighting materials | Safety Red | White | Sprinkler Water |
| Meaning | Background Color | Text Color | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flammables[b] & Oxidizers[c] | Safety Yellow | Black | Acetylene |
| Combustible Fluids[d] | Safety Brown | White | Lubricating Oil |
| Toxic and Corrosives | Safety Orange | White | Ammonia |
| Water | Safety Green | White | Stormwater |
| Compressed air/Non-hazardous gases | Safety Blue | White | Compressed Air |
| Firefighting materials | Safety Red | White | Sprinkler Water |
| Custom - Defined by user | Safety Purple | White | Fluid Name |
| Custom - Defined by user | Safety Grey | White | Fluid Name |
| Custom - Defined by user | White | Black | Fluid Name |
| Custom - Defined by user | Black | White | Fluid Name |
2015 revisions
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2015 revisions added oxidizing materials to the existing 'Flammables' classification. The other major change allowed and encouraged labels to incorporate the GHS signal word, hazard pictograms, and hazard statements. This addition helped identify additional dangers when dealing with materials that fit into multiple categories, like hydrogen sulfide, which is both flammable and toxic.[4]
IIAR Bulletin #114
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In 2014, the International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration introduced a specialized label design for use when marking pipes associated with refrigeration systems using ammonia, including information such as the physical state, pressure and purpose in the system.[6]
NFPA 99C 2002
editThe National Fire Protection Association have a special labeling system in the standard for Health Care Facilities, such as hospitals and dentistry offices. This standard puts more emphasis on gases found in Medical gas supply systems, which consist of both oxidizing gases and gases that displace oxygen.[7]
| Gas | Background Color | Text Color |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon Dioxide | Gray | Black or White |
| Helium | Brown | White |
| Medical Air | Yellow | Black |
| Oxygen | Green | White[e] |
| Oxygen/Carbon Mixtures | Green | White |
| Nitrogen | Black | White |
| Nitrous Oxide | Blue | White |
| Waste Anesthetic Gas Disposal | Purple | White |
| Medical Surgical Vacuum | White | Black |
| Non-Medical Air | Yellow/White Diagonal Striped | Black |
| Non-medical and Level 3 Vacuum | Black/White Diagonal Striped | Black (In box) |
| Laboratory Air | Yellow/White Checkerboard | Black |
| Laboratory Vacuum | Black/White Checkerboard | Black (In box) |
| Instrument Air | Red | White |
National standards: United Kingdom
editIn the United Kingdom there are three principal regulations that mandate the marking of equipment and piping:
- Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Chemicals (Amendments to Secondary Legislation) Regulations 2015,[8]
- Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996,[9]
- Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998,[1]
The regulations require that vessels containing hazardous substances together with the pipes containing or transporting such substances must be labelled or marked with the relevant hazard pictograms or pipe marking. The labels used on pipes must be positioned visibly in the vicinity of the most hazardous points, such as valves and joints; at both sides of bulkheads and floor penetrations; and at reasonable intervals.
The regulations do not specify a specific marking system, but BS EN ISO 1710 Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs is often used.
BS 1710 Safety colours and signs
editA widely used British Standard (BS) for marking equipment is:
- BS 1710:2019 Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs
The Standard stipulates the colours to be used. These are as follows:[2]
| Contents | Colour | BS 4800 colour[10] |
|---|---|---|
| Water | Green | 12 D 45 |
| Steam | Silver-grey | 10 A 03 |
| Oils | Brown | 06 C 39 |
| Gases | Yellow Ochre | 08 C 35 |
| Acids and Alkalis | Violet | 22 C 37 |
| Air | Light Blue | 20 E 51 |
| Other liquids | Black | 00 E 53 |
| Electrical & Ventilation | Orange | 06 E 51 |
In addition to the basic colours, certain safety colours are used:
| Safety service | Colour | BS 4800 colour[10] |
|---|---|---|
| Fire fighting | Red | 04 E 53 |
| Warning | Yellow | 08 E 51 |
| Fresh water | Auxiliary Blue | 18 E 53 |
| User defined | User defined |
The arrangement of markings is for the safety colour to be between bands of the basic colour.[2]
Firewater service would be:
The pipe contents must be identified adjacent to the banding.[2] This can be done by giving either:
- The full name
- Abbreviation
- Chemical symbol
- Refrigerant number
- Coloured bands (user specified)
The direction of flow should also be identified near the banding.[2]
Examples using this system are as shown.
National standards: India
editIS 2379 Pipelines Identification Colour Code
editThe Indian Standard IS 2379 provides for a ground colour and a coloured band on piping to identify material.[11]
| Substance | Ground colour |
|---|---|
| Water | Sea green |
| Steam | Aluminium |
| Oils and combustible liquid | Light brown |
| Acids | Dark violet |
| Air | Sky blue |
| Gases | Canary yellow |
| Alkalise | Smoke grey |
| Other gases and liquids | Black |
| Hydrocarbons/organic compounds | Dark aluminium grey |
Colour bands of 25 mm to 100 mm width are placed at locations such as battery limits, intersections, near valves, at walls, starting and terminating points. There is a large range of bands which define the contents of the line. For example, for oils.
| Substance | Ground colour | Band colour |
|---|---|---|
| Light diesel | Light brown | Brilliant green |
| High speed diesel | Light brown | None |
| Paraffin oil | Light brown | Signal red |
| Quenching oil | Light brown | Canary yellow |
| Furnace fuel | Light brown | French blue |
| Lubricating oil | Light brown | Light grey |
| Hydraulic power | Light brown | Dark violet |
| Transformer oil | Light brown | Light orange |
National standards: Australia
editPipes, ducts and conduits are identification by the Australian Standard AS 1345—1995 “Identification of the contents of pipes, conduits and ducts”[12]
| Service | AS 2700 Colour |
|---|---|
| Water | G21 Jade |
| Steam | N24 Silver Grey |
| Oils, flammable liquids | X53 Golden Tan |
| Gases | Y44 Sand |
| Acids & alkalis | P23 Lilac |
| Air | B25 Aqua |
| Other Liquids | N61 Black |
| Fire Services | R13 Signal Red |
| Electric Power | X15 Orange |
| Communication | N14 White |
| Dangerous Materials | Y14 Golden Yellow + N61 Black |
International standards
editISO 14726 Ships and marine facilities
editShips and marine facilities must conform to an international standard for piping systems identification. This is ISO 14726:2008 Ships and marine technology — Identification colours for the content of piping systems.[13]
This is a two-colour banded marking system. The main colour shows what the fluid is being used for. This is on either side of the secondary colour which indicates what the substance actually is. The main colours are as follows:[13]
- Black - Waste media
- Blue - Fresh water
- Brown - Fuel
- Green – Sea water
- Grey - Non-flammable gases
- Maroon - Air and sounding pipes
- Orange - Oils other than fuels
- Silver - Steam
- Red - Fire fighting
- Violet - Acids, alkalis
- White - Air in ventilation systems
- Yellow - Flammable gases
ISO 20560-1 & -2 Safety information for piping systems
editInternational Standard ISO 20560-1:2020 Safety information for the content of piping systems and tanks — Part 1: Piping systems was intended to replace the variety of regulations and standards across countries and regions. Basic identification colours and warning symbols identify the pipe contents and any hazards.[14]
Pipe markers consists of 4 basic elements:
- Basic identification (background) colour, see table below, e.g. yellow for hazardous substance
- Name of the substance/content, e.g. NATURAL GAS
- Flow direction indicator arrows, ⇒
- Warning symbols, e.g. GHS symbol
Colours and substances are typically as follows:[14]
| Substance | Background colour | Text colour | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazardous substances | Yellow | Black | ||
| Gas (liquid or gaseous) | Grey | White | ||
| Liquids & solids (powder/granulate) | Black | White | ||
| Acids | Orange | Black | ||
| Alkalis | Violet | White | ||
| Fire fighting medium | Red | White | ||
| Water | Green | White | ||
| Air | Blue | White | ||
International Standard ISO 20560-2 Safety information for the content of piping systems and tanks — Part 2: Tanks, provides a similar colour scheme for tanks.
European standards: RAL Colours
editRAL colour standard charts are used by architects, construction industry and road safety.[15]
The pipe identification colours are as shown in the table.
| Type | Reference | RAL Colour Code | Colour |
|---|---|---|---|
| Steam | 2114 | 9006 | White aluminium |
| Air | 2123 | 5012 | Light blue |
| Water | 2138 | 6010 | Grass green |
| Gas | 2149 | 1004 | Golden yellow |
| Acid | 2163 | 4001 | Red lilac |
| Liquid Spirits | 2173 | 8001 | Ochre brown |
| Other Liquids | 2179 | 9005 | Jet black |
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ Explosives, flammables, corrosives, toxic, radioactive, extreme pressures/temperatures.
- ^ Flash point below 100 °F (38 °C; 311 K).[5]
- ^ Oxidizers were added in 2015 update.[5]
- ^ Fluids that can burn, but are not considered 'flammable', flash point at or above 100 °F (38 °C; 311 K).[5]
- ^ Background & Text color can be reversed.
References
edit- ^ a b "Safe use of work equipment" (PDF). www.hse.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d e "Pipe marking solutions to meet British Standard 1710 (BS 1710)". silverfox.co.uk. October 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ Occupational Safety & Health Administration (November 2016). "1910.261 - Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills". osha.gov. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
1910.261(a)(3)(ii) Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems, A13.1—1956.
- ^ a b c d Brimar Industries. "ANSI/ASME A13.1 2015" (PDF). Pipemarker.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ a b c NASA (17 November 2017). "GSFC-STD-8006 - Safety Standard for Ground piping Systems Color Coding and Identification". standards.nasa.gov/. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ a b International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration. "Guidelines for: Identification of Ammonia Refrigeration Piping and System Components" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ Craftmark Pipe Markers. "NFPA 99C 2002" (PDF). craftmarkid.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ "The GB CLP Regulation". www.hse.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ "The Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996" (PDF). www.hse.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ a b "BS 4800 Colour Chart". Retrieved 5 March 2024.
- ^ a b c "IS 2379 Pipelines Identification Colour Code" (PDF). Retrieved 11 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Use of colour for pipe identification" (PDF). Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ a b "ISO 14726". www.scribd.com. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
- ^ a b "ISO 20560:2020". www.iso.org. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Pipe Identification Colours". Retrieved 5 March 2024.