Pidyon shvuyim (Hebrew: פִּדְיוֹן שְׁבוּיִים, literally: Redemption of Captives) is a religious duty in Judaism to bring about the release of a fellow Jew captured by slave dealers or robbers, or imprisoned unjustly. The release of the captive is typically secured by reconciliation, ransom negotiations, or unrelenting pursuit. It is considered an important commandment in Jewish law.
Sources
editThe Talmud calls pidyon shvuyim a "mitzvah rabbah," a great mitzvah, as captivity is viewed as even worse than starvation and death (Bava Batra 8b).[1]
Maimonides writes: “The redeeming of captives takes precedence over supporting the poor or clothing them. There is no greater mitzvah than redeeming captives for the problems of the captive include being hungry, thirsty, unclothed, and they are in danger of their lives too. Ignoring the need to redeem captives goes against these Torah laws: “Do not harden your heart or shut your hand against your needy fellow” (Devarim 15:7); “Do not stand idly by while your neighbor’s blood is shed” (Vayikra 19:16). And misses out on the following mitzvot: “You must surely open your hand to him or her” (Devarim 15:8); “...Love your neighbor as yourself” (Vayikra 19:18); “Rescue those who are drawn to death” (Proverbs 24:11) and "... there is no mitzvah greater than the redeeming of captives.” (Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Matanot Aniyim 8:10-11)[2]
The Shulchan Aruch adds: “Every moment that one delays in freeing captives, in cases where it is possible to expedite their freedom, is considered to be tantamount to murder.” (Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 252:3)[3]
Limitations in the practice of the mitzvah
editDespite the importance of the mitzvah, it should be performed within a number of boundaries, the most significant of which is:
“One does not ransom captives for more than their value because of Tikkun Olam (literally: “fixing the world”; for the good order of the world; as a precaution for the general good) and one does not help captives escape because of Tikkun Olam." (Mishna, Gittin 4:6)[1]
One of the aims of this restriction is to avoid encouraging kidnappers, or those seeking financial gain by capturing Jews and demanding a Kofer (a ransom) in exchange, due to the knowledge of how sensitive Jews are to rescuing their prisoners at any price. There are certain instances in which this restriction does not apply, such as when a man wishes to pay an excessive sum for his freedom, or when the prisoner is a Talmid Chacham, or when a husband is attempting to earn the freedom of his wife (Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 252:4).[4]
A prominent example of the practice of this restriction in reality was the affair of the arrest of Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, a Gadol of Ashkenazi Jewry in the 13th century, who is said to have forbidden his pidyon from prison citing the aforementioned restriction, despite the fact that according to the Halakha it was permitted to pay a substantial sum for his release.[5]
Another restriction is that if a person repeatedly causes his own capture time after time, a pidyon is no longer required after the third time. This refers to a situation in which a person has sold himself, or has been taken to prison due to a crime committed intentionally. This restriction only applies when the life of the captive is not in danger; if his captors desire to kill him, a pidyon is mandatory.[6]
Present
editThe question of pidyon shvuyim, and particularly the amount of ransom to be paid, is a controversial issue in Israel,[7] when captured Israeli soldiers are to be liberated or exchanged.[1]
In April 2010, several American and Canadian Haredi rabbis from different Jewish sects released a public pronouncement (Kol Kore), asking for pidyon shvuyim on behalf of former kosher meat plant Agriprocessors' top manager Sholom Rubashkin,[8] a Lubavitcher Hasid, awaiting sentencing after being convicted on 86 charges of financial fraud in November 2009 by a federal court in Iowa, U.S.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c David Golinkin (October 2, 2003). "Pidyon Shvuyim (The Redemption of Captives). How Far Should Israel Go in Order to Redeem Captives from Terrorist Organizations?". Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ Mark H. Levine (November 2006). "Jonathan Pollard — Justice Served?" (PDF). Babaganewz Teachers’ Guide. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07.
- ^ "Pidyon Shevuyim - "A Great Mitzvah"". Religious Zionist Kollels. March 13, 2005. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011.
- ^ Wilhelm Bacher, Julius H. Greenstone. "Ransom". Jewish Encyclopedia.
- ^ Solomon Schechter, Louis Ginzberg. "Meir b. Baruch of Rothenburg". Jewish Encyclopedia.
- ^ Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Matanot Aniyim 8:13, Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 252:7
- ^ Shlomo Brody (February 7, 2009). "Ask the Rabbi: Redeeming captives". Jerusalem Post.
- ^ "Urgent Plea to Klal Yisroel!". April 2010.
- ^ Lynda Waddington (September 25, 2009). "Video: Daughter of former Agriprocessors manager asks for help with legal fees". The Iowa Independent. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010.