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Phu Kradung Formation

The Early Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation is the lowest member of the Mesozoic Khorat Group which outcrops on the Khorat Plateau in Isan, Thailand. This geological formation consists of micaceous, brown to reddish-brown siltstone beds with minor brown and grey shale and sandstone beds. Occasional lime-noduled conglomerate occurs.[1]

Phu Kradung Formation
Stratigraphic range: Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
~180–145 Ma
Paleoenvironment of the Phu Kradung Formation
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofKhorat Group
UnderliesPhra Wihan Formation
OverliesNam Phong Formation
Lithology
PrimarySiltstone, mudstone
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates17°12′N 102°24′E / 17.2°N 102.4°E / 17.2; 102.4
Approximate paleocoordinates14°42′N 108°30′E / 14.7°N 108.5°E / 14.7; 108.5
RegionIsan
Country Thailand
ExtentKhorat Plateau
Type section
Named byWard & Bunnag
Year defined1964
Phu Kradung Formation is located in Thailand
Phu Kradung Formation
Phu Kradung Formation (Thailand)

The Phu Kradung Formation sediments were deposited in a lake-dominated floodplain cut by meandering and occasionally braided river channels.[2]

The Phu Kradung Formation is considered, on the basis of recent vertebrae fossil discoveries, to be Late Jurassic in age. However, new palynology and biostratigraphic data suggests an age of Early Cretaceous for the upper section.[2][3]

More recent datations trought detrital zircon U–Pb ages of samples from the conglomerates have stablished a lowermost age of late Early Jurassic (Toarcian), with a maximum depositional age of 180 Ma, which is older than the previously estimated Late Jurassic–Berriasian age based on fossil evidence.[4] This discrepancy suggests the absence of syn-depositional zircons. The zircon data also help clarify the timing of the Indosinian III Event, placing the Indosinian III Unconformity between 201-182 Ma, marking a hiatus of about 20 million years. The Phu Kradung Formation deposition likely occurred after the Nam Phong Formation and may correlate with the Upper part of the last in the Khorat Basin subsurface.[4]

Dinosaur remains have been recovered from this formation, although few have been referred to a specific genus.[5][6]

Chalawan, an extinct genus of pholidosaurid mesoeucrocodylian, is currently known solely from its holotype, a nearly complete mandible collected in the early 1980s from a road-cut near the town of Nong Bua Lamphu in the upper part of the Phu Kradung Formation. This single specimen is the most well preserved vertebrate fossil that has been found from the formation. It contains a single species, Chalawan thailandicus.[7]

Fossil content

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Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Amphibians

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Amphibians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Brachyopidae indet. Phu Noi locality, Kham Muang district, Kalasin province.[8] Posterior part of the skull (KS34-1481) and two intercentra (KS34-1474 and KS34-1489).[8]
Brachyopoidea indet. Intercentra (TF 3328, TF 3329, and TF 3144).[8] Also found in the Klong Min Formation.
Khao Wong locality, Khao Wong district, Kalasin province.[8] Intercentrum (KS37-8).[8]

Archosaurs

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Dinosaurs

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Dinosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Mamenchisauridae indet. Kalasin province.[9] "Isolated posterior cervical vertebra"[5][6][9]
Metriacanthosaurinae indet. "a nearly complete left tibia"[10][11]
Metriacanthosaurinae indet. "Skull elements such as teeth, premaxillae, and maxillae as well as appendicular materials of more than one individual."[11]
Minimocursor M. phunoiensis Phu Noi, Kalasin province.[12] Partial articulated skeleton, isolated lower jaw & left leg.[12] A basal neornithischian.
Stegosauridae indet. "Single dorsal vertebra".[5][13][14] Informally known as "Siamodracon altispinus".
Tyrannosauroidea indet. Phu Noi, Kalasin province.[15] Three isolated teeth.[15] A basal tyrannosauroid, related to Guanlong and Proceratosaurus.

Pseudosuchians

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Pseudosuchians reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Chalawan C. thailandicus Mandible.[5][7] A pholidosaurid.
 
Indosinosuchus I. kalasinensis [16] A teleosaurid.
 
I. potamosiamensis Skulls and postcrania.[17] A teleosaurid.
 
Sunosuchus S. thailandicus A mandible.[7] Reassigned to Chalawan.
Cf. Theriosuchus Cf. T. sp. Chong Chat, Nong Bua Lamphu province.[18] Part of a left dentary (CCC-1) and a lanceolate tooth (PRCMR 283).[18] An atoposaurid.

Pterosaurs

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Pterosaurs reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Rhamphorhynchidae indet. Humerus.[19] Originally identified as an azhdarchid.[20]

Turtles

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Turtles reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Basilochelys B. macrobios Kham Phok, Mukdahan Province.[21] A trionychoid.
Eucryptodira indet. [5]
Kalasinemys K. prasarttongosothi Phu Noi locality, Kalasin Province.[22] Skull and shell material.[22] A xinjiangchelyid.
Phunoichelys P. thirakhupti Phu Noi locality, Kalasin Province.[23] Shell remains.[23] A xinjiangchelyid.
Yakemys Y. multiporcata Khorat Plateau.[24] Shell elements.[24] A macrobaenid.
 

Fish

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Bony fish

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Bony fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Ferganoceratodus F. annekempae Phu Noi.[25] A lungfish.
Isanichthys I. lertboosi Phu Noi locality, Kalasin province.[26] 4 specimens. A lepisosteiform.
I. palustris A single, nearly complete specimen.[27] A lepisosteiform.
Khoratichthys K. gibbus "Impression of a single articulated fish".[28] A ginglymodian.
Thaiichthys T. buddhabutrensis Phu Nam Jun, Kalasin Province.[29] A lepisosteiform.

Cartilaginous fish

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Multiple fin spines have been found in the Phu Kradung Formation which cannot be precisely identified.[30]

Cartilaginous fish reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Acrodus A. kalasinensis Kalasin province.[30] Teeth.[30] A hybodontiform.
Heteroptychodus H. cf. H. kokutensis One almost complete tooth and 20 fragmentary crowns.[30]
?Hybodontidae Dermal denticles of 2 morphotypes.[30] A hybodontid.
Hybodus aff. H. sp. "One almost complete anterior crown (SM2012-1-004) and a complete posterior tooth (SM2012-1-005)".[30]
H. sp. Teeth.[30] "Similar to the teeth of H. huangnidanensis (which is probably a junior synonym of H. antingensis)".
Jiaodontus J. sp. 10 teeth.[30] A hybodontiform.
Lonchidion L. sp. A SM2012-1-015-6 and 12 crowns.[30] A hybodontiform.
L. sp. B Teeth and crowns.[30] A hybodontiform.

Plants

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Plants reported from the Phu Kradung Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Xenoxylon X. phyllocladoides Fossil wood.[31]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Suteetorn and Jarnyahran (1986). "Geological Map of Thailand 1:250,000, Sheet NE 48-14 (Roi Et).
  2. ^ a b Racey and Goodall (2009). "Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia". Geological Society. London. Special Publication 315 Pp 69-84.
  3. ^ Tong, Haiyan; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Naksri, Wilailuck; Ditbanjong, Pitaksit; Suteethorn, Suravech; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Wongko, Kamonlak; Deesri, Uthumporn; Claude, Julien (December 2021). "Yakemys multiporcata n. g. n. sp., a Large Macrobaenid Turtle from the Basal Cretaceous of Thailand, with a Review of the Turtle Fauna from the Phu Kradung Formation and Its Stratigraphical Implications". Diversity. 13 (12): 630. doi:10.3390/d13120630. ISSN 1424-2818.
  4. ^ a b Hara, Hidetoshi; Charoentitirat, Thasinee; Tokiwa, Tetsuya; Kurihara, Toshiyuki; Suzuki, Keisuke; Sardsud, Apsorn (2024). "Record of the Indosinian Orogeny from conglomerates and detrital zircon U–Pb ages of the western Indochina Block, central Thailand". Gondwana Research. 128: 368–389. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2023.11.009. ISSN 1342-937X.
  5. ^ a b c d e Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
  6. ^ a b Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  7. ^ a b c Martin, J. E.; Lauprasert, K.; Buffetaut, E.; Liard, R.; Suteethorn, V. (2013). Angielczyk, Kenneth (ed.). "A large pholidosaurid in the Phu Kradung Formation of north-eastern Thailand". Palaeontology. 57 (4): 757–769. doi:10.1111/pala.12086. S2CID 128482290.
  8. ^ a b c d e Nonsrirach, Thanit; Manitkoon, Sita; Lauprasert, Komsorn (2021-03-12). "First occurrence of brachyopid temnospondyls in Southeast Asia and review of the Mesozoic amphibians from Thailand". Fossil Record. 24 (1): 33–47. Bibcode:2021FossR..24...33N. doi:10.5194/fr-24-33-2021. ISSN 2193-0074.
  9. ^ a b Suteethorn, S., Le Loeuff, J., Buffetaut, E., Suteethorn, V., and Wongko, K. 2013. First evidence of a mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Phu Kradung Formation of Thailand. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (3): 459–469.
  10. ^ Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2007-11-01). "A sinraptorid theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Phu Kradung Formation of northeastern Thailand". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 178 (6): 497–502. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.178.6.497. ISSN 0037-9409.
  11. ^ a b Samathi, Adun; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Sander, Paul Martin (2019-07-01). "A review of theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous of Southeast Asia". Annales de Paléontologie. Palaeobiodiversity of Southeast Asia, issue 1. 105 (3): 201–215. Bibcode:2019AnPal.105..201S. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2019.03.003. ISSN 0753-3969. S2CID 197574833.
  12. ^ a b Manitkoon, Sita; Deesri, Uthumporn; Khalloufi, Bouziane; Nonsrirach, Thanit; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Boonla, Wansiri; Buffetaut, Eric (July 2023). "A New Basal Neornithischian Dinosaur from the Phu Kradung Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Northeastern Thailand". Diversity. 15 (7): 851. doi:10.3390/d15070851. ISSN 1424-2818.
  13. ^ Ulansky, R. E., 2014. Evolution of the stegosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia). Dinologia, 35 pp. [in Russian]. PDF.
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  19. ^ Buffetaut, Eric (2015). "An azhdarchoid pterosaur humerus from the latest Jurassic (Phu Kradung Formation) of Phu Noi, north-eastern Thailand". 1. 1: Research & Knowledge. doi:10.14456/RANDK.2015.3.
  20. ^ Unwin, David M.; Martill, David M. (2018). "Systematic reassessment of the first Jurassic pterosaur from Thailand". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 455 (1): 181–186. Bibcode:2018GSLSP.455..181U. doi:10.1144/SP455.13. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 133811716.
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  22. ^ a b Tong, Haiyan; Naksri, Wilailuck; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Suravech; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Chantasit, Phornphen; Claude, Julien (October 2019). "Kalasinemys, a new xinjiangchelyid turtle from the Late Jurassic of NE Thailand". Geological Magazine. 156 (10): 1645–1656. Bibcode:2019GeoM..156.1645T. doi:10.1017/S0016756818000791. ISSN 0016-7568. S2CID 134746960.
  23. ^ a b TONG, HAIYAN; NAKSRI, WILAILUCK; BUFFETAUT, ERIC; SUTEETHORN, VARAVUDH; SUTEETHORN, SURAVECH; DEESRI, UTHUMPORN; SILA, SAITONG; CHANTHASIT, PHORNPHEN; CLAUDE, JULIEN (2014-06-19). "A new primitive eucryptodiran turtle from the Upper Jurassic Phu Kradung Formation of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand". Geological Magazine. 152 (1): 166–175. doi:10.1017/s0016756814000223. ISSN 0016-7568. S2CID 55028418.
  24. ^ a b Tong, Haiyan; Chanthasit, Phornphen; Naksri, Wilailuck; Ditbanjong, Pitaksit; Suteethorn, Suravech; Buffetaut, Eric; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Wongko, Kamonlak; Deesri, Uthumporn; Claude, Julien (November 2021). "Yakemys multiporcata n. g. n. sp., a Large Macrobaenid Turtle from the Basal Cretaceous of Thailand, with a Review of the Turtle Fauna from the Phu Kradung Formation and Its Stratigraphical Implications". Diversity. 13 (12): 630. doi:10.3390/d13120630. ISSN 1424-2818.
  25. ^ Cavin, Lionel; Deesri, Uthumporn; Chanthasit, Phornphen (2020-07-03). "A New Lungfish from the Jurassic of Thailand". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (4): e1791895. Bibcode:2020JVPal..40E1895C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1791895. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 225146856.
  26. ^ Deesri, Uthumporn; Lauprasert, Komsorn; Suteethorn, Varavudh; Wongko, Kamonlak; Cavin, Lionel (June 2014). "A New Species of the Ginglymodian Fish Isanichthys from the Late Jurassic Phu Kradung Formation, Northeastern Thailand". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 59 (2): 313–331. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0013. ISSN 0567-7920. S2CID 55334010.
  27. ^ CAVIN, LIONEL; SUTEETHORN, VARAVUDH (March 2006). "A New Semionotiform (Actinopterygii, Neopterygii) from Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous Deposits of North-East Thailand, with Comments on the Relationships of Semionotiforms". Palaeontology. 49 (2): 339–353. Bibcode:2006Palgy..49..339C. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00539.x. ISSN 0031-0239. S2CID 84971079.
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  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cuny, Gilles; Liard, Romain; Deesri, Uthumporn; Liard, Tida; Khamha, Suchada; Suteethorn, Varavudh (2013-12-03). "Shark faunas from the Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous of northeastern Thailand". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 88 (3): 309–328. doi:10.1007/s12542-013-0206-0. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 129714897.
  31. ^ Boonchai, Nareerat; Suteethorn, Suravech; Sereeprasirt, Weerawat; Suriyonghanphong, Chanon; Amiot, Romain; Cuny, Gilles; Legrand, Julien; Thévenard, Frédéric; Philippe, Marc (2020-03-01). "Xenoxylon, a boreal fossil wood in the Mesozoic redbeds of Southeast Asia: Potential for the stratigraphy of the Khorat group and the palinspatic reconstruction of Southeast Asia". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 189: 104153. Bibcode:2020JAESc.18904153B. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104153. ISSN 1367-9120. S2CID 210621255.
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