Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC) are a type of fuel cell that uses liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte. They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized. Developed in the mid-1960s and field-tested since the 1970s, they have improved significantly in stability, performance, and cost. Such characteristics have made the PAFC a good candidate for early stationary applications.[1]
Design
editElectrolyte is highly concentrated or pure liquid phosphoric acid (H3PO4) saturated in a silicon carbide (SiC) matrix. Operating range is about 150 to 210 °C. The electrodes are made of carbon paper coated with a finely dispersed platinum catalyst.
Electrode reactions
editAnode reaction: 2H2(g) → 4H+ + 4e
Cathode reaction: O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e‾ → 2H2O
Overall cell reaction: 2 H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Advantages and disadvantages
editAt an operating range of 150 to 200 °C, the expelled water can be converted to steam for air and water heating (combined heat and power). This potentially allows efficiency increases of up to 70%.[2] PAFCs are CO2-tolerant and can tolerate a CO concentration of about 1.5%, which broadens the choice of fuels they can use. If gasoline is used, the sulfur must be removed.[3] At lower temperatures phosphoric acid is a poor ionic conductor, and CO poisoning of the platinum electro-catalyst in the anode becomes severe.[4] However, they are much less sensitive to CO than proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and alkaline fuel cells (AFC).
Disadvantages include rather low power density and chemically aggressive electrolyte.[clarification needed]
Applications
edit
PAFC have been used for stationary power generators with output in the 100 kW to 400 kW range and are also finding application in large vehicles such as buses.[5]
Major manufacturers of PAFC technology include Doosan Fuel Cell America Inc.[6] (formerly ClearEdge Power & UTC Power[7]) and Fuji Electric.
India's DRDO has developed PAFC based air-independent propulsion for integration into their Kalvari-class submarines.[8][9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Types of Fuel Cells".
- ^ "Fuel Cells". Center for Sustainable Energy. Archived from the original on Nov 23, 2010.
- ^ Fuel Cells 2000 : Fuel Cell Basics : Types Archived 2008-11-27 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell" (PDF). www.netl.doe.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 23, 2010.
- ^ Fuel Cell Today – Home Page.
- ^ http://www.doosanfuelcell.com/en/main.do.
- ^ ClearEdge Power – Media Room.
- ^ "Indian-built Scorpene to carry critical DRDO system". The Hindu. 3 Nov 2014. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
- ^ Anandan, S. (30 December 2010). "DRDO working on system to cut submarine vulnerability". The Hindu.
External links
edit- National Pollutant Inventory - Phosphoric acid fact sheet
- UTC Power Official Site
- Photo Gallery of Fuel Cells Being Used Today
- Cox Communications Installs Fuel Cells in California Archived 2011-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
- D.O.E. -PAFC
- Fuel Cell Basics
- Alternative Energy Magazine Archived 2011-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- Supermarket Benefits From 400kW Fuel Cell
- Stationary Fuel Cells at Retail and Grocery Sites