The Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station is an American nuclear power plant that is located 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Harrisburg in Peach Bottom Township, York County, Pennsylvania. Situated close to the Susquehanna River, it is three miles north of the Maryland border.
| Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station | |
|---|---|
 Photo of Units 2 and 3 c. 1974 | |
 | |
| Country | United States |
| Location | Delta, York County, Pennsylvania, York County, Pennsylvania |
| Coordinates | 39°45′30″N 76°16′5″W / 39.75833°N 76.26806°W |
| Status | Operational |
| Construction began | Unit 1: February 1, 1962 Units 2–3: January 31, 1968 |
| Commission date | Unit 1: June 1, 1967 Unit 2: July 5, 1974 Unit 3: December 23, 1974 |
| Decommission date | Unit 1: November 1, 1974 |
| Construction cost | $2.943 billion (2007 USD)[1] |
| Owners | Unit 1: Constellation Energy Units 2–3: Constellation Energy (50%), PSEG (50%) |
| Operator | Constellation Energy |
| Nuclear power station | |
| Reactor type | Unit 1: HTGR Units 2–3: BWR |
| Reactor supplier | Unit 1: General Atomics Units 2–3: General Electric |
| Cooling towers | 3 × Mechanical Draft (supplemental only) |
| Cooling source | Susquehanna River |
| Thermal capacity | 1 × 115 MWth (decommissioned) 2 × 3951 MWth |
| Power generation | |
| Units operational | 1 × 1308 MW 1 × 1309 MW |
| Make and model | Unit 1: Prototype Units 2–3: BWR-4 (Mark 1) |
| Units decommissioned | 1 × 40 MW |
| Nameplate capacity | 2617 MW |
| Capacity factor | 94.81% (2017) 76.90% (lifetime) |
| Annual net output | 22,268 GWh (2021) |
| External links | |
| Website | Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
History
editThe Philadelphia Electric Company (later "PECO") was a pioneer in the commercial nuclear industry when it ordered Peach Bottom 1 in 1958. The U.S.'s first nuclear power plant (the Shippingport Reactor) had gone on line a year earlier. Peach Bottom Unit 1 was an experimental helium-cooled, graphite-moderated reactor. It operated from 1966 to 1974. Peach Bottom 2 and 3, General Electric boiling water reactors, went on-line in 1974, and are still in operation on the 620-acre (2.5 km2) site today. Both Units 2 and 3, originally rated at 3,514 megawatts thermal (MWth), equivalent to about 1,180 megawatts of electricity (MWe) each, were uprated to 4,016 megawatts thermal (MWth), equivalent to about 1,382 megawatts net of electricity (MWe) each in 2018. Units 2 and 3 were originally licensed to operate until 2013 and 2014, respectively. Their licenses were extended until 2033 and 2034 and then, in 2020 they were extended to 2053 and 2054.[2]
Peach Bottom is currently operated by Constellation Energy (formerly a division of PECO's parent company, Exelon, and before that it was known as Baltimore Gas and Electric (BG&E), the oldest gas utility in the country) and is jointly owned by Constellation (50%) and Public Service Enterprise Group (PSEG) Power LLC (formerly Public Service Electric and Gas) (50%).
Peach Bottom was one of the plants analyzed in the NUREG-1150 safety analysis study.
Electricity Production
edit| Year | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Annual (Total) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 1,664,626 | 1,472,202 | 1,670,642 | 1,614,240 | 1,634,425 | 1,556,160 | 1,437,853 | 1,373,333 | 1,032,388 | 1,197,096 | 1,594,095 | 1,646,619 | 17,893,679 |
| 2002 | 1,611,096 | 1,502,169 | 1,631,352 | 1,608,685 | 1,650,900 | 1,591,210 | 1,618,222 | 1,550,246 | 992,940 | 1,567,018 | 1,623,340 | 1,539,148 | 18,486,326 |
| 2003 | 1,678,488 | 1,467,100 | 1,690,062 | 1,568,558 | 1,548,152 | 1,620,856 | 1,510,658 | 1,632,360 | 863,614 | 1,316,151 | 1,644,917 | 1,643,804 | 18,184,720 |
| 2004 | 1,698,569 | 1,475,988 | 1,695,892 | 1,629,694 | 1,670,367 | 1,617,596 | 1,659,213 | 1,612,699 | 1,154,476 | 1,396,575 | 1,644,485 | 1,563,827 | 18,819,381 |
| 2005 | 1,674,690 | 1,398,795 | 1,645,670 | 1,632,476 | 1,648,942 | 1,598,503 | 1,554,916 | 1,596,322 | 1,101,005 | 1,203,077 | 1,640,015 | 1,699,039 | 18,393,450 |
| 2006 | 1,665,319 | 1,534,525 | 1,697,491 | 1,635,262 | 1,646,452 | 1,615,009 | 1,642,621 | 1,611,988 | 1,152,794 | 1,394,900 | 1,640,511 | 1,695,805 | 18,932,677 |
| 2007 | 1,689,888 | 1,511,891 | 1,688,236 | 1,624,237 | 1,673,642 | 1,611,518 | 1,651,388 | 1,607,209 | 1,271,760 | 1,224,953 | 1,645,705 | 1,698,295 | 18,898,722 |
| 2008 | 1,687,531 | 1,473,574 | 1,696,857 | 1,636,080 | 1,667,933 | 1,612,531 | 1,631,312 | 1,567,732 | 1,096,725 | 1,116,824 | 1,647,421 | 1,700,263 | 18,534,783 |
| 2009 | 1,475,861 | 1,521,316 | 1,659,915 | 1,626,902 | 1,669,790 | 1,618,891 | 1,660,211 | 1,610,510 | 1,095,254 | 1,321,688 | 1,652,511 | 1,696,980 | 18,609,829 |
| 2010 | 1,669,745 | 1,510,824 | 1,693,816 | 1,643,884 | 1,658,594 | 1,621,294 | 1,650,172 | 1,599,740 | 1,076,368 | 1,444,535 | 1,486,439 | 1,703,970 | 18,759,381 |
| 2011 | 1,688,092 | 1,538,951 | 1,699,432 | 1,634,743 | 1,675,131 | 1,620,931 | 1,643,404 | 1,581,960 | 1,055,235 | 1,273,617 | 1,678,069 | 1,735,372 | 18,824,937 |
| 2012 | 1,716,202 | 1,623,887 | 1,727,163 | 1,667,514 | 1,671,647 | 1,613,516 | 1,615,369 | 1,526,380 | 996,335 | 1,176,966 | 1,706,994 | 1,764,049 | 18,806,022 |
| 2013 | 1,753,160 | 1,586,736 | 1,757,394 | 1,719,406 | 1,711,012 | 1,627,018 | 1,639,108 | 1,570,377 | 971,377 | 1,028,179 | 1,702,881 | 1,767,884 | 18,834,532 |
| 2014 | 1,764,732 | 1,535,556 | 1,745,261 | 1,701,002 | 1,710,822 | 1,637,638 | 1,662,359 | 1,669,483 | 1,570,931 | 1,300,486 | 845,627 | 1,627,272 | 18,771,169 |
| 2015 | 1,738,500 | 1,521,627 | 1,726,289 | 1,740,198 | 1,777,697 | 1,705,492 | 1,752,571 | 1,683,650 | 1,352,070 | 1,204,949 | 1,811,530 | 1,843,729 | 19,858,302 |
| 2016 | 1,973,770 | 1,840,909 | 1,961,836 | 1,874,377 | 1,913,055 | 1,786,221 | 1,849,729 | 1,815,094 | 1,759,409 | 1,577,149 | 1,546,878 | 1,977,008 | 21,875,435 |
| 2017 | 1,937,962 | 1,773,025 | 1,972,031 | 1,892,130 | 1,798,344 | 1,841,185 | 1,870,889 | 1,841,939 | 1,705,062 | 1,474,115 | 1,663,753 | 1,952,108 | 21,722,543 |
| 2018 | 1,993,215 | 1,775,644 | 1,959,427 | 1,895,427 | 1,975,987 | 1,813,495 | 1,869,074 | 1,897,741 | 1,585,072 | 974,012 | 1,938,325 | 2,002,697 | 21,680,116 |
| 2019 | 2,002,859 | 1,809,685 | 2,001,340 | 1,927,258 | 1,974,532 | 1,870,469 | 1,886,773 | 1,863,973 | 1,754,960 | 1,479,158 | 1,729,059 | 1,994,319 | 22,294,385 |
| 2020 | 2,004,994 | 1,876,623 | 1,984,657 | 1,934,403 | 1,967,831 | 1,855,918 | 1,871,962 | 1,826,635 | 1,700,914 | 1,394,277 | 1,416,054 | 1,958,066 | 21,792,334 |
| 2021 | 2,002,793 | 1,786,510 | 1,998,255 | 1,922,903 | 1,921,720 | 1,860,860 | 1,895,146 | 1,873,639 | 1,771,548 | 1,573,523 | 1,657,609 | 2,003,738 | 22,268,244 |
| 2022 | 2,000,038 | 1,806,696 | 1,980,295 | 1,930,149 | 1,850,321 | 1,859,721 | 1,861,234 | 1,825,082 | 1,755,487 | 1,406,088 | 1,913,010 | 1,995,682 | 22,183,803 |
| 2023 | 1,982,664 | 1,800,032 | 1,989,076 | 1,907,233 | 1,951,871 | 1,850,361 | 1,870,105 | 1,839,176 | 1,702,405 | 1,347,329 | 1,927,943 | 1,995,878 | 22,164,093 |
| 2024 | 1,902,289 | 1,859,725 | 1,965,241 | 1,908,087 | 1,910,618 | 1,833,236 | 1,614,906 | 1,878,974 | 1,767,490 | -- |
Surrounding population
edit
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 miles (16 km), concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 miles (80 km), concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.[4]
The 2010 U.S. population within 10 miles (16 km) of Peach Bottom was 46,536, an increase of 7.2 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 miles (80 km) was 5,526,343, an increase of 10.6 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Baltimore (36 miles to city center).[5]
Cities within 50 miles:
- Pennsylvania
- Harrisburg (Capital) (48mi/78km)
- Maryland
- Baltimore (37mi/60km)
- Delaware
- Wilmington (38mi/61km)
Safety concerns
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2024) |
In 1987, PECO was ordered by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to indefinitely shutdown Peach Bottom-2 and -3 on March 31 due to operator misconduct, corporate malfeasance, and blatant disregard for the health and safety of the area. [citation needed].
Among the incidents cited by the NRC: security guards were overworked, one guard was found asleep on the job, 36,000 gallons of "mildly radioactive water" leaked into the Susquehanna River, PECO mislaid data on radioactive waste classification causing misclassification of a waste shipment, and a major fire occurred in the maintenance cage of the Unit 3 turbine building on March 4, 1987[citation needed].
Blame was not simply placed on the operators. "Latent organizational weakness" was targeted by industry experts and regulators alike. INPO President Zack Pate came to the conclusion that "Major changes in the corporate culture at PECO are required." In September 1988, NRC Chairman Lando Zech told senior management officials of PECO, "Your operators certainly made mistakes, no question about that. Your corporate management problems are just as serious." Clearly, a culture characterized by low morale and apathy prevailed. By April 1988, this emphasis on mismanagement contributed to the President of PECO resigning as well as to the retirement of the CEO.[citation needed]
Robert P. Crosby became the primary Organization Development influence during the PECO Nuclear turnaround following the Peach Bottom shut down. He used The Interpersonal Gap model by John L. Wallen along with a unique T-group method known as Conflict Management (and later as Tough Stuff in other business applications) to speed culture change, and applied his own version of Daryl Conner's Sponsor Agent Target model to improving and shortening outage management.[6][7]
By 1996, both Limerick and Peach Bottom were designated excellent by INPO, and given strong Systematic Assessment of Licensee Performance (SALP) ratings by the NRC.
In 1999, PECO Nuclear eliminated their Organization Development positions as part of cost cutting initiative.
In 2007, Kerry Beal videotaped Peach Bottom security guards sleeping on the job. Beal had previously tried to notify supervisors at Wackenhut Corp. and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission.[8]
Seismic risk
editThe Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Peach Bottom was 1 in 41,667; according to an NRC study published in August 2010.[9][10]
See also
edit
References
edit- Specific
- ^ "EIA - State Nuclear Profiles". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ "Exelon's Peach Bottom becomes second US nuclear plant to get license approval to 80 years". Utility Dive.
- ^ "Electricity Data Browser". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2023-01-07.
- ^ "NRC: Backgrounder on Emergency Preparedness at Nuclear Power Plants". Archived from the original on October 2, 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
- ^ "Nuclear neighbors: Population rises near US reactors". NBC News. 2011-04-14. Retrieved 2024-08-16.
- ^ Crosby, G. (2015). Fight, Flight, Freeze: Taming Your Reptilian Brain and other Practical Approaches to Self-Improvement. Second Edition. Seattle, WA: CrosbyOD Publishing. Chapters 3 and 4 are dedicated to The Interpersonal Gap and Wallen’s behavioral skills, Chapter 11 to the PECO Nuclear turnaround.
- ^ Crosby, R.P. (2011). Culture Change in Organizations: A Guide to Leadership and Bottom-Line Results. Second Edition. Seattle, WA: CrosbyOD Publishing. Appendix F, Culture Can be Built: PECO Nuclear Turnaround.
- ^ Mufson, Steven (January 4, 2008). "Video of Sleeping Guards Shakes Nuclear Industry". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- ^ "What are the odds? US nuke plants ranked by quake risk". NBC News. 2011-03-16. Retrieved 2024-08-16.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2011-04-19.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- General
External links
edit- "Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station, Pennsylvania". Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). October 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- "Peach Bottom 2 Boiling Water Reactor". Operating Nuclear Power Reactors. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). February 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- "Peach Bottom 3 Boiling Water Reactor". Operating Nuclear Power Reactors. NRC. February 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
- "The Peach Bottom Atomic Energy Station". PSEG Nuclear LLC. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-07. Retrieved 2008-11-18.