Empress Pan (died February or March 252[1]), personal name Pan Shu,[2] was an empress of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was the only empress of Wu's founding emperor, Sun Quan, even though he had a succession of wives before her. She was a rare example of becoming an empress from a slave in the Chinese history. She was the mother of Sun Liang, Sun Quan's successor and the second emperor of Wu.
| Pan Shu 潘淑 | |
|---|---|
 Empress Pan, drawn by Wu Youru | |
| Empress consort of Eastern Wu | |
| Tenure | June or July 251 – February or March 252 |
| Successor | Empress Quan |
| Born | Unknown Ningbo, Zhejiang |
| Died | February or March 252 Nanjing, Jiangsu |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | Sun Quan |
| Issue | Sun Liang |
Early Life
editLady Pan was from Gouzhang County (句章縣; within present-day Ningbo) in Kuaiji Commandery. Her personal name was not recorded in her biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), the authoritative source of the history of the Three Kingdoms period. However, the Jiankang Shilu mentioned that her personal name was "Shu", hence she was also known as "Pan Shu".[2] Her father, who served as a low-ranking official, was executed for committing an offence whose details are not recorded. Lady Pan were forced to become slave and assigned to the royal textile factory.
Encountering Sun Quan
editLady Pan was a legendary beauty, especially known for her melancholic appearance.[3] Once, Sun Quan encountered her and felt that she was extraordinary so he took her as his concubine. The historical treatise Shi Yi Ji provided a more detailed description of their encounter. It mentioned that Lady Pan was known as the most beautiful woman in Jiangdong. When she was still working in the textile factory, people around her respected and kept a distance from her, calling her a goddess. After Sun Quan heard about this story, he ordered the painter to draw Lady Pan's portrait. Although Lady Pan looked glum in the portrait, Sun Quan was shocked because of her beauty and exclaimed:"She is a goddess, indeed. Her sadness is so attractive, let alone her smile." Sun Quan arranged a magnificent carriage to take her into the palace and doted on her from then on.[4] Lady Pan was such a charming woman who was good at obtaining the emperor' favor. Thus she expressed her jealousy freely and never ceased slandering and harming Sun Quan's other wives until her death.[5]
As imperial consort and empress
editWhen Lady Pan was becoming increasingly favoured by Sun Quan, Sun He, the third son of Suan Quan, just became the heir in 242, Sun Quan decided to show respect to the heir's mother Lady Wang through dismissing other favored ladies.[6] Lady Pan, on the other hand, was allowed to stay with Sun Quan even when he was traveling. There are two anecdotes about Pan at this time. One of the stories said that the emperor and Pan often visited a pavilion called Zhaoxuan together. When Lady Pan felt very happy, she drank a lot of wine and poured the remaining wine under the high platform. At this moment, a ruby ring fell out of the wine glass. The wife hung the ruby ring on a pomegranate branch, and Sun Quan built a palace for her called Liuhuantai (榴環臺) for her, which means "the palace of pomegranate and ring". Another story reflects the Pan's intelligence. Lady Pan once went fishing with the Sun Quan, Sun Quan felt very happy to catch a big fish. Pan, however, was worried and said, "Today is so happy, will there be a day of worry in the future?" People believed that the Pan's words foreshadowed the political chaos at the end of Sun Quan's reign. [7]
Lady Pan was pregnant. She dreamt of receiving a dragon head and gave birth to Sun Liang in 243. As the favourites of Sun Quan, Pan Shu and Sun Liang are expected to become empress and crown prince respectively. Later in 250, in the aftermath of a succession struggle between Sun Quan's sons Sun He and Sun Ba, Sun Liang was designated as the crown prince by his father.
In 251, Sun Quan instated Lady Pan as the empress. Before that, none of the concubines, including the crown prince's mother, were officially stated as empress since Suan Quan once declared that he would not appoint concubine as the empress.[8] An amnesty was implemented and new era date was used in order to celebrate Pan becoming the empress.[9] It could be seen that among Sun Quan's many favored concubines, Pan Shu, as a special presence, had been valued.
Death and burial
editWhen Sun Quan became seriously ill in 252, Empress Pan asked Sun Hong (孫弘), the Prefect of the Palace Writers (中書令), about how Empress Lü governed a country after the death of her husband (Emperor Gao of the Han dynasty). However, she herself also fell sick due to the stress of continuously attending to Sun Quan. She was ultimately murdered when she was in deep sleep. Wu officials claimed that her servants strangled her while she was asleep and claimed her death was of natural causes; why she was murdered remains a controversy as the Sanguozhi did not mention the reason of murder. The Jiankang Shilu states that it was because the servants was unwilling to take care of both the seriously ill emperor and the empress, so they murdered the empress to alleviate the burden.[10] Additionally, the Zizhi Tongjian states that Empress Pan abused the servants, so the empress was murdered. However, a number of historians, including Hu Sanxing, a commentator on Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian, pointed out that this claim is unfounded and it is a misinterpretation of the original text. He also believed that top Wu officials were complicit, as they feared that she would seize power as empress dowager after Sun Quan's death.[11] Investigations into her death resulted in the execution of 6-7 people. After Empress Pan's death, subjects felt sad and arranged a prayer ceremony for her.[12] Sun Quan died soon after in the same year. Empress Pan was buried together with Sun Quan at the Jiang Mausoleum (蔣陵; at the Purple Mountain, Nanjing, Jiangsu).[13]
Appearance and portraits
edit
According to Wang Jia, Pan and Sun Quan's other concubine, Lady Zhao, are equally famous. They are compared to the Goddess of the Luo River and Yaoji due to their beauty and talent.[14] On the other hand, Zhu Ju compare her to Li Ji, believing that she may have played some important role in deposing the former crown prince.[15]
Pan often appears in the theme of one hundred beauties in ancient China. Renowned Qing dynasty painters such as Wang Hui and Wu Youru had painted Pan’s impressionistic paintings. The scene of Pan Shu being invited to the palace, which mentioned in the "Shiyiji", was very popular. Yuan Mei, a Chinese poet of the Qing Dynasty, wrote,
The poor girl's face was full of tears, imprisoned in the textile factory. The last place that could move the emperor was the sad expression on the painting.
滿面啼痕淚不收，堪憐織室竟同幽，誰知感動君王處，就在圖中一點愁。
Pan was briefly introduced in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Faith and spirituality
editLike her husband, Empress Pan also showed enthusiasm for Buddhism. She made contributions to the dissemination of Buddhism and established the first Buddhist temple called Huibaosi (惠寶寺) in Wuchang, the provisional capital of Eastern Wu.[16]
Family
editIn addition to her father who served as a low-level official, Empress Pan also had an elder sister, who was sent to the textile factory together.In 250, Lady Pan requested Sun Quan to emancipate her elder sister from slavery and arrange a marriage for her sister and he agreed. Lady Pan's sister later married Tan Shao (譚紹). When Sun Liang became the new emperor, he commissioned his uncle as a Cavalry Commandant (騎都尉). After Sun Liang was demoted to a prince under Sun Chen's persecution, Tan Shao lost his official position and was sent back to his home town of Luling with his family.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ According to Sun Quan's biography in Sanguozhi, Lady Pan died in the 2nd month of the 2nd year of the Taiyuan era of his reign. This corresponds to 27 Feb to 27 Mar 252 in the Julian calendar. [(太元二年)二月，...。皇后潘氏薨.] Sanguozhi, vol.47
- ^ a b (皇后潘氏暴崩于内宫。后諱淑，會稽句章人，后自織室召入。) Jiankang Shilu vol. 2.
- ^ (潘以愁而惑人，张既死而不舍。荀妇贾女，俱云绝伦。)Wu Za Zu vol. 8.
- ^ (吳主潘夫人，父坐法，夫人輸入織室，容態少儔，為江東絕色。同幽者百餘人，謂夫人為神女，敬而遠之。有司聞於吳主，使圖其容貌。夫人憂戚不食，减瘦改形。工人寫其真狀以進，吳主見而喜悅，以虎魄如意撫按即折。嗟曰：“此神女也，愁貌尚能惑人，况在歡樂！”乃命雕輪就織室，納於後宮，果以姿色見寵。)Shi Yi Ji vol. 8.
- ^ (吳主權潘夫人，會稽句章人也。父為吏，坐法死。夫人與姊俱輸織室，權見而異之，召充後宮。得幸有娠，夢有似龍頭授己者，己以蔽膝受之，遂生孫亮。赤烏十三年，亮立為太子，請出嫁夫人之姊，權聽許之。明年，立夫人為皇后。性險妬容媚，自始至卒，譖害袁夫人等甚衆。) Sanguozhi vol. 50.
- ^ (及和為太子，和母貴重，諸姬有寵者，皆出居外。)Sanguozhi vol. 50.
- ^ (每以夫人遊昭宣之臺，志意幸愜，既盡酣醉，唾於玉壺中，使侍婢瀉於台下，得火齊指環，即掛石榴枝上，因其處起臺，名曰環榴臺。時有諫者雲：“今吳、蜀爭雄，‘還劉’之名，將為妖矣！”權乃翻其名曰榴環臺。又與夫人遊釣台，得大魚。王大喜，夫人曰：“昔聞泣魚，今乃為喜，有喜必憂，以為深戒！”至於末年，漸相譖毀，稍見離退。時人謂“夫人知幾其神”。釣台基今尚存焉。)Shi Yi Ji vol. 8.
- ^ (五年春正月，立子和為太子，大赦。 改禾興為嘉興。 百官奏立皇后及四王，詔曰：“今天下未定，民物勞瘁，且有功者或未錄，饑寒者尚未恤，猥割土壤以豐子弟，祟爵位以寵妃妾，孤甚不取。其釋此議。)Sanguozhi vol. 47.
- ^ (五年，立皇后潘氏，改元，大赦。)Sanguozhi vol. 47.
- ^ (既病，宫人侍疾，不堪劳苦，伺其昏卧，共缢杀之。 Jiankangshilu vol. 1.
- ^ (左右不勝其虐，勝，音升。左右伺其昏睡縊殺之，託言中惡，縊，於賜翻，又於計翻。中惡，暴病而死也。中，竹八翻。後事泄，坐死者六七人。斯事也，實吳用事之臣所爲也。潘后欲求稱制，左右小人正當相與從臾爲之，安有不勝其虐而縊殺之之理！吳史緣飾，後人遂因而書之雲爾。孟子曰：盡信書，不如無書。誠哉！) Zizhi Tongjian (annotated version) vol. 75.
- ^ (皇后潘氏薨，诸将吏数诣王表請福。) Sanguozhi vol. 47.
- ^ (權不豫，夫人使問中書令孫弘呂后專制故事。侍疾疲勞，因以羸疾，諸宮人伺其昏卧，共縊殺之，託言中惡。後事泄，坐死者六七人。權尋薨，合葬蔣陵。) Sanguozhi vol. 50.
- ^ (赵、潘二夫人，妍明伎艺，婉娈通神，抑亦汉游洛妃之俦，荆巫云雨之类；而能避妖幸之嬖，睹进退之机。夫盈则有亏，道有崇替，居盛必衰，理固明矣。语乎荣悴，譬诸草木，华落张弛，势之必然。巧言萋斐，前王之所信惑。是以申、褒见列于前周，班、赵载详于往汉。异代同闻，可为叹也！) Shiyiji vol. 8.
- ^ (昔晋獻用驪姬而申生不存，漢武信江充而戾太子冤死。 臣竊懼太子不堪其憂，雖立思子之宮，無所複及矣。) Yinjitongyu
- ^ (吳潘夫人於武昌建慧寶寺)Fozutongji vol. 35.
- ^ (孫亮即位，以夫人姊婿譚紹為騎都尉，授兵。亮廢，紹與家屬送本部廬陵。) Sanguozhi vol. 50.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Hu, Sanxing (13th century). Annotations to the Zizhi Tongjian.
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
- Xu, Song (c. 8th century). Jiankang Shilu (建康實錄).