In the United Kingdom, an out-of-town shopping centre is an enclosed shopping centre located outside of a town centre. The impact of out-of-town shopping centres in the United Kingdom is studied in the context of urban planning,[1] town centre redevelopment,[2] the retail industry[3][4] and even public health and gender divides.[5] Due to its significance for these issues, it has been included in the school exam curriculum in geography.[6][7] There are only about sixteen out-of-town enclosed shopping centres (including outlet centres) in the United Kingdom (as opposed to open air retail parks, which do not count as shopping centres in British English, even though they do in American English). Under current policy, no more will be built. All other British shopping centres are in town and city centres.
In the 1960s and '70s, most town and city centres had seen the development of a major shopping precinct. Redditch, in Worcestershire, had the Kingfisher Shopping Centre; Birmingham had the Bull Ring Centre; Manchester, the Arndale Centre; Newcastle, the Eldon Square Shopping Centre and Leeds, the Merrion Centre.
Brent Cross, which opened in 1976, was the country's first out-of-town shopping centre.[8] Construction of later out-of-town centres was facilitated by removal of regulations under the Thatcher government.[1][2] In some cases such as Meadowhall in Sheffield (opened in 1990), they were built because of available land and labour due to the demise of the steel industry in the area. Similarly, the Metro Centre in Gateshead, Tyneside opened in the mid 1980s and was built on former swamp lands on the banks of the River Tyne. The Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester was built on the surplus land belonging to the Manchester Ship Canal. In the case of the White Rose Centre in Leeds, it was not due to industrial downfall that it was built, but high retail space prices in the city centre and available contaminated land, close to local motorways, of the right size, and unsuitable for house building. Had the Morley sewage works not come available it is unlikely such a centre would be in Leeds.[citation needed]
England
editLondon
editSouth East
edit- Bluewater, Greenhithe, Kent (serves London)[1][9]
- Hempstead Valley Shopping Centre,[10] Hempstead, Kent
North West
editYorkshire And The Humber
edit- Meadowhall, Sheffield, South Yorkshire[11]
- White Rose Centre, Leeds, West Yorkshire
- Designer Outlet York, York, North Yorkshire
North East
editSouth West
edit- Castlepoint Shopping Centre, Bournemouth
- Cribbs Causeway, Patchway, South Gloucestershire (near Bristol)[13]
West Midlands
edit- Merry Hill Shopping Centre — Developed during the 1980s mostly on land previously occupied by Round Oak Steelworks, it is often considered an out-of-town centre,[9][11] one which drew the retail market away from Dudley.[14] However, it is situated near the centre of the small town Brierley Hill, and there are actually plans for it to be integrated with the town centre in future developments.[citation needed]
East Of England
edit- Braintree Village (formerly Braintree Freeport), Braintree, Essex
- The Galleria, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
- Lakeside Shopping Centre, Thurrock, Essex
Scotland
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Minton, Anna (2009). Ground Control: Fear and Happiness in the Twenty-first-century City. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141033914.
- ^ a b Lowe, Michelle (2016-07-02). "The Regional Shopping Centre in the Inner City: A Study of Retail-led Urban Regeneration". Urban Studies. 42 (3): 449–470. doi:10.1080/00420980500035139. S2CID 154445282.
- ^ Boyle, David (2014-06-22). "In Britain, like the US, the out-of-town shopping giants are dying | David Boyle". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
- ^ "High Street vs Out of Town Shopping - UK - 2010 : Consumer market research report". Mintel. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
- ^ Lang, Tim; Caraher, Martin (2016-07-24). "Access to healthy foods: part II. Food poverty and shopping deserts: what are the implications for health promotion policy and practice?". Health Education Journal. 57 (3): 202–211. doi:10.1177/001789699805700303. S2CID 70969424.
- ^ "Changing shopping patterns". KS3 Bitesize. BBC. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
- ^ Evans, Lynda (2005-01-18). The New Wider World Coursemate for AQA B GCSE Geography. Nelson Thornes. ISBN 9780748790746.
- ^ a b "A brief history of the shopping centre". The Daily Telegraph. 2013-04-19. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
- ^ a b Cullingworth, Barry; Nadin, Vincent; Hart, Trevor; Davoudi, Simin; Pendlebury, John; Vigar, Geoff; Webb, David; Townshend, Tim (2014-12-05). Town and Country Planning in the UK. Routledge. ISBN 9781317585640.
- ^ "Hempstead Valley Shopping Centre, Kent. Shop dine enjoy!". www.hempsteadvalley.com. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
- ^ a b Potts, Lauren (2015-09-04). "Bid to find Meadowhall's first shoppers". BBC News. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
- ^ a b Kent, Tony; Brown, Reva (2009-03-14). Flagship Marketing: Concepts and Places. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 9781134076697.
- ^ Finch, Julia (2008-07-11). "Trouble at t'mall: cost of driving puts out-of-town shopping out of style". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
- ^ Ortuño Padilla, Armando; Hermosilla, Antonia Alarcón; Ozores, Olga Tomás (2017). "The impact of out-of-town shopping centres on town-centre retailers and employment: The case of the Region of Murcia". Land Use Policy. 65: 277–286. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.04.014.
- ^ Khawaldah, Hamzah; Birkin, Mark; Clarke, Graham (2012). "A review of two alternative retail impact assessment techniques: the case of Silverburn in Scotland". The Town Planning Review. 83 (2): 233–260. doi:10.3828/tpr.2012.13. JSTOR 41349096.