Operation Quicksilver[1] was a series of 16 nuclear tests conducted by the United States in 1978–1979 at the Nevada Test Site. These tests followed the Operation Cresset series and preceded the Operation Tinderbox series.
| Quicksilver | |
|---|---|
| Information | |
| Country | United States |
| Test site | NTS Area 19, 20, Pahute Mesa; NTS, Areas 1–4, 6–10, Yucca Flat |
| Period | 1978–1979 |
| Number of tests | 2634 |
| Test type | underground shaft |
| Max. yield | 140 kilotonnes of TNT (590 TJ) |
| Test series chronology | |
| Name [note 1] | Date time (UT) | Local time zone[note 2][2] | Location[note 3] | Elevation + height [note 4] | Delivery [note 5] Purpose [note 6] |
Device[note 7] | Yield[note 8] | Fallout[note 9] | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emmenthal | November 2, 1978 15:25:00.169 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U19t 37°17′16″N 116°17′54″W / 37.28789°N 116.29838°W | 2,104 m (6,903 ft) – 576.1 m (1,890 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
2.5 kt | [1][3][4] | |||
| Concentration | December 1, 1978 17:07:30.073 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U3kn 37°01′47″N 116°01′30″W / 37.02965°N 116.02488°W | 1,189 m (3,901 ft) – 247.59 m (812.3 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
600 t | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Farm | December 16, 1978 15:30:00.158 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U20ab 37°16′24″N 116°24′40″W / 37.27334°N 116.41116°W | 1,979 m (6,493 ft) – 689 m (2,260 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
140 kt | Venting detected | [1][3][4][7] | ||
| Baccarat | January 24, 1979 18:00:00.1 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U7ax 37°06′19″N 116°00′45″W / 37.10536°N 116.01253°W | 1,311 m (4,301 ft) – 326.44 m (1,071.0 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
6 kt | [1][3][4] | |||
| Quinella | February 8, 1979 20:00:00.089 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U4l 37°06′09″N 116°03′21″W / 37.10243°N 116.05571°W | 1,241 m (4,072 ft) – 579.1 m (1,900 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
89 kt | [1][3][4][5][8] | |||
| Kloster | February 15, 1979 18:05:00.165 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U2eo 37°09′07″N 116°04′22″W / 37.15196°N 116.07271°W | 1,297 m (4,255 ft) – 536.4 m (1,760 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
20 kt | Venting detected | [1][3][4][7][8][9] | ||
| Memory | March 14, 1979 18:30:00.095 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U3kg 37°01′40″N 116°02′26″W / 37.02778°N 116.04062°W | 1,190 m (3,900 ft) – 364.85 m (1,197.0 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
5 kt | [1][3][4] | |||
| Freezeout | May 11, 1979 16:00:00.102 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U3kw 36°59′53″N 116°01′06″W / 36.99818°N 116.01844°W | 1,177 m (3,862 ft) – 335.3 m (1,100 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
5 kt | [1][3][4][5][6] | |||
| Pepato | June 11, 1979 14:00:00.17 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U20ad 37°17′23″N 116°27′22″W / 37.28963°N 116.45614°W | 1,913 m (6,276 ft) – 681 m (2,234 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
100 kt | I-131 venting detected, 0 | [1][3][4][7][9] | ||
| Chess | June 20, 1979 15:00:13.542 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U7at 37°06′27″N 116°00′57″W / 37.10761°N 116.01585°W | 1,309 m (4,295 ft) – 335.3 m (1,100 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
1.5 kt | [1][3][4] | |||
| Fajy | June 28, 1979 14:44:00.167 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U2fc 37°08′35″N 116°05′18″W / 37.14305°N 116.08847°W | 1,303 m (4,275 ft) – 536 m (1,759 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
22 kt | I-131 venting detected, 0 | [1][3][4][7][8][9] | ||
| Burzet | August 3, 1979 15:07:30.164 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U4ai 37°05′02″N 116°04′15″W / 37.0839°N 116.07076°W | 1,235 m (4,052 ft) – 450 m (1,480 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
20 kt | Venting detected | [1][3][4][7][8] | ||
| Offshore | August 8, 1979 15:00:00.112 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U3ks 37°00′53″N 116°00′32″W / 37.0147°N 116.00887°W | 1,182 m (3,878 ft) – 396.54 m (1,301.0 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
20 kt | [1][3][4][5][8] | |||
| Hearts | September 6, 1979 15:00:00.089 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U4n 37°05′17″N 116°03′13″W / 37.08806°N 116.05356°W | 1,232 m (4,042 ft) – 640.02 m (2,099.8 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
140 kt | [1][3][4][5][8] | Destroyed Cresset/Transom device which didn't detonate. | ||
| Pera | September 8, 1979 17:02:00.09 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U10bd 37°09′18″N 116°02′21″W / 37.15495°N 116.03906°W | 1,280 m (4,200 ft) – 200 m (660 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
5 kt | [1][3][4] | |||
| Sheepshead | September 26, 1979 15:00:00.091 | PST (–8 hrs) |
NTS Area U19aa 37°13′46″N 116°21′53″W / 37.22935°N 116.36482°W | 2,033 m (6,670 ft) – 640 m (2,100 ft) | underground shaft, weapons development |
140 kt | [1][3][4] |
- ^ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
- ^ To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from the IANA time zone database.
- ^ Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
- ^ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
- ^ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
- ^ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
- ^ Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
- ^ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
- ^ Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000), CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3), SMDC Monitoring Research
- ^ "Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Official list of underground nuclear explosions, Sandia National Laboratories, July 1, 1994, retrieved December 18, 2013
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992 (PDF) (DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2006, retrieved December 18, 2013
- ^ a b c d e Operation Argus, 1958 (DNA6039F), Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense, 1982, retrieved November 26, 2013
- ^ a b Norris, Robert Standish; Cochran, Thomas B. (February 1, 1994), "United States nuclear tests, July 1945 to 31 December 1992 (NWD 94-1)" (PDF), Nuclear Weapons Databook Working Paper, Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council, archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013, retrieved October 26, 2013
- ^ a b c d e Radiological Effluents Released from U.S. Continental Tests 1961 Through 1992 (DOE/NV-317 Rev. 1) (PDF), DOE Nevada Operations Office, August 1996, archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2013, retrieved October 31, 2013
- ^ a b c d e f Hechanova, Anthony E.; O'Donnell, James E. (September 25, 1998), Estimates of yield for nuclear tests impacting the groundwater at the Nevada Test Site, Nuclear Science and Technology Division
- ^ a b c Estimated exposures and thyroid doses received by the American people from Iodine-131 in fallout following Nevada atmospheric nuclear bomb tests, Chapter 2 (PDF), National Cancer Institute, 1997, retrieved January 5, 2014