The open-mid front rounded vowel, or low-mid front rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is ⟨œ⟩. The symbol œ is a lowercase ligature of the letters o and e. The letter ⟨ɶ⟩, a small capital version of the ⟨Œ⟩ ligature, is used for a different vowel sound: the open front rounded vowel.
| Open-mid front rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| œ | |||
| IPA number | 311 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | œ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0153 | ||
| X-SAMPA | 9 | ||
| Braille |  | ||
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| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
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Open-mid front compressed vowel
editThe open-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨œ⟩, which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated IPA diacritic for compression. However, the compression of the lips can be shown by the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɛ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɛ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɛᵝ⟩ ([ɛ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨ ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨œ͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.
Features
edit- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
editBecause front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian | Some Western dialects[2] | fuöra | [ˈfwœɾɐ] | 'outside' | Realization of ⟨o⟩ in the diphthong ⟨uo⟩. May also be realized as [ɵ] or [ø]. |
| Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | Seil | [sœː] | 'rope' | Contrasts close [y], near-close [ø̝], close-mid [ø] and open-mid [œ] front rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded [ä].[3] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɶ⟩. |
| Northern[4] | I helfad | [i ˈhœlʲfɐd̥] | 'I'd help' | Allophone of /ɛ/ before /l/.[4] | |
| Breton | All speakers[5] | leur | [lœːr] | 'floor' | Short counterpart of /øː/.[6] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ø⟩. |
| Bas-Léon[6] | [example needed] | Long; contrasts with the short open-mid /œ/ and the long close-mid /øː/. Other speakers have only one mid front rounded vowel /øː/.[6] | |||
| Buwal[7] | [kʷœ̄lɛ̄lɛ̄] | 'fine' | Allophone of /a/ when adjacent to a labialized consonant.[7] | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 長 / cheung4 | [tsʰœːŋ˩] | 'long' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Lombard | Lombard | fiœ | [fjœː] | 'boy','man' | Occurs naturally in the language, most frequently in western and northern regions, alternating with ø in many words, and rendered under the letter 'œ', while [ø] is under the letter ö. |
| Danish | Standard[8] | gøre | [ˈkœːɐ] | 'to do' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɶː⟩. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Standard[9][10] | manoeuvre | 'manoeuvre' | Occurs only in a few loanwords.[9][10] See Dutch phonology | |
| Some speakers[11] | parfum | [pɑrˈfœ̃ː] | 'perfume' | Nasalized; occurs only in a few loanwords and it is used mainly in southern accents. Often nativized as [ʏm].[11] See Dutch phonology | |
| The Hague dialect[12] | uit | [œːt] | 'out' | Corresponds to [œy] in standard Dutch.[13] See Dutch phonology | |
| English | General New Zealand[14][15] | bird | [bœːd] | 'bird' | May be mid [œ̝ː] instead. In broader varieties, it is close-mid or higher.[14][15][16] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɵː⟩. See New Zealand English phonology |
| Scouse[17] | Possible realization of the merged SQUARE–NURSE vowel /eː/.[17] | ||||
| Southern Welsh[18] | Also described as mid [œ̝ː][19] and close-mid [øː].[20][21] | ||||
| General South African[22] | go | [ɡœː] | 'go' | Some speakers. Can be a diphthong of the type [œʉ̯]~[œɘ̯] instead. Other South African varieties do not monophthongize. See South African English phonology | |
| French[23][24] | jeune | 'young' | See French phonology | ||
| Galician[25] | semana | [s̺œˈmãnɐ̃] | ˈweek' | Labialization of pre-tonic [e], which is usually realized as [o] | |
| German | Standard[26] | Hölle | [ˈhœlə] | 'hell' | See Standard German phonology |
| Western Swiss accents[27] | schön | [ʃœːn] | 'beautiful' | Close-mid [øː] in other accents.[28] See Standard German phonology | |
| Limburgish | Many dialects[29][30] | mäö | [mœː] | 'sleeve' | Central [ɞː] in Maastricht;[31] the example word is from the Hasselt dialect. |
| Low German[32] | söss / zös | [zœs] | 'six' | ||
| Espírito Santo East Pomeranian[33] | ['hœɫ] | 'hell' | |||
| Saterland Frisian[34][35] | bölkje | [ˈbœlkjə] | 'to rear' | ||
| West Frisian | Hindeloopers[36] | [example needed] | See West Frisian phonology | ||
| Súdwesthoeksk[36][37] | skoalle | [ˈskœlə] | 'school' | ||
Open-mid front protruded vowel
edit| Open-mid front protruded vowel | |
|---|---|
| œ̫ | |
| œʷ | |
| ɛʷ |
Catford notes[full citation needed] that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few, such as Scandinavian languages, have protruded front vowels. One Scandinavian language, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ ̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨œʷ⟩ or ⟨ɛʷ⟩ (an open-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but it could be misread as a diphthong.
Acoustically, the sound is "between" the more typical compressed open-mid front vowel [œ] and the unrounded open-mid front vowel [ɛ].
Features
edit- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norwegian[38][39] | nøtt | [nœ̫tː] | 'nut' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel has also been described as mid central [ɞ̝].[40] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Swedish | Central Standard[41][42][43] | öra | 'ear' | Allophone of /œ/ and most often also /øː/ before /r/.[41][42][43] May be more open [ɶ, ɶː] for younger speakers from Stockholm.[43] See Swedish phonology | |
| Younger Stockholm speakers[43] | köpa | [²ɕœ̫ːpa̠] | 'to buy' | Higher [øː] for other speakers. See Swedish phonology | |
Notes
edit- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ García, Fernando Álvarez-Balbuena (2015-09-01). "Na frontera del asturllionés y el gallegoportugués: descripción y exame horiométricu de la fala de Fernidiellu (Forniella, Llión). Parte primera: fonética". Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana (in undetermined language). 14 (14). ISSN 2341-1147.
- ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ a b Rowley (1990), p. 422.
- ^ Ternes (1992), p. 433.
- ^ a b c Ternes (1992), pp. 431, 433.
- ^ a b Viljoen (2013), p. 50.
- ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- ^ a b Gussenhoven (1999), p. 76.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 137.
- ^ a b van de Velde & van Hout (2002).
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 135–136.
- ^ a b Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 188.
- ^ a b Bauer & Warren (2004), pp. 582, 591.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 607.
- ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), pp. 118, 138.
- ^ Penhallurick (2004), p. 104.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 381.
- ^ Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- ^ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
- ^ Lass (2002), p. 118.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ^ Freixeiro Mato, X. Ramón. (2006). Gramática da lingua galega (2. ed.). [Vigo, Spain]: Edicions A Nosa Terra. ISBN 84-8341-060-5. OCLC 213259857.
- ^ Hall (2003), pp. 97, 107.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ Prehn (2012), p. 157.
- ^ Schaeffer & Meireles (2014), p. 51.
- ^ Fort (2001), p. 411.
- ^ Peters (2017), p. ?.
- ^ a b van der Veen (2001), p. 102.
- ^ Hoekstra (2001), p. 83.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
- ^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
- ^ a b Eliasson (1986), p. 273.
- ^ a b Thorén & Petterson (1992), pp. 13–14.
- ^ a b c d Riad (2014), p. 38.
References
edit- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning (ed.), Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
- Fort, Marron C. (2001), "36. Das Saterfriesische", in Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.), Handbook of Frisian studies, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH, pp. 409–422, ISBN 3-484-73048-X
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290, S2CID 249412109
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
- Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (2nd ed.), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
- Hoekstra, Jarich (2001), "12. Standard West Frisian", in Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.), Handbook of Frisian studies, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH, pp. 83–98, ISBN 3-484-73048-X
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 3-926972-54-8
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Penhallurick, Robert (2004), "Welsh English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98–112, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Peters, Jörg (2017), "Saterland Frisian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 49 (2): 223–230, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000226, S2CID 232348873
- Prehn, Maike (2012). Vowel quantity and the fortis-lenis distinction in North Low Saxon (PDF) (PhD). Amsterdam: LOT. ISBN 978-94-6093-077-5.
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Rowley, Anthony R. (1990), "14 North Bavarian", in Russ, Charles (ed.), The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 417–437, ISBN 0-415-00308-3
- Ternes, Elmar (1992), "The Breton language", in MacAulay, Donald (ed.), The Celtic Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 371–452, ISBN 0-521-23127-2
- Thorén, Bosse; Petterson, Nils-Owe (1992), Svenska Utifrån Uttalsanvisningar, Svenska institutet, ISBN 91-520-0284-5
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
- van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (2002), "Uitspraakvariatie in leenwoorden", in Hiligsmann, Philippe; Leijnse, Elisabeth (eds.), NVT-onderwijs en -onderzoek in Franstalig gebied, Nijmegen: Vantilt, pp. 77–95
- van der Veen, Klaas F. (2001), "13. West Frisian Dialectology and Dialects", in Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Hans (eds.), Handbook of Frisian studies, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH, pp. 98–116, ISBN 3-484-73048-X
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Viljoen, Melanie Helen (2013), A grammatical description of the Buwal language, Melbourne: La Trobe University
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, 10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128540-2, 0-52128541-0.
- Schaeffer, Shirlei C. B.; Meireles, Alexsandro R. (2014), "Descrição sonora da língua pomerana", Letras de Hoje, 49 (1): 46, doi:10.15448/1984-7726.2014.1.14700