Wikipedia

Newroz as celebrated by Kurds

Newroz or Nawruz[1] (Kurdish: نەورۆز)[2] is the Kurdish celebration of Nowruz; the arrival of spring and new year in Kurdish culture. The lighting of the fires at the beginning of the evening of March 20 is the main symbol of Newroz among the Kurds.[3][4][5][6]

Newroz
نەورۆز
Kurds celebrating Newroz in the village of Pallingan.
TypeNational, ethnic, international
SignificanceNew Year holiday
DateUsually on March 21; but also 19 and 20.
2023 dateMonday 20 March 2023
at 21:24 UTC *
2024 dateWednesday 20 March 2024
at 03:06 UTC *
Frequencyannual

In Zoroastrianism, fire is a symbol of light, goodness and purification. Angra Mainyu, the demonic anti-thesis of Ahura Mazda, was defied by Zoroastrians with a big fire every year, which symbolized their defiance of and hatred for evil and the arch-demon. In Kurdish legend, the holiday celebrates the deliverance of the Kurds from a tyrant, and it is seen as another way of demonstrating support for the Kurdish cause.[7][8][9][10][11] The celebration coincides with the March equinox which usually falls on 21 March[12] and is usually held between 18 and 24 March. The festival has an important place in terms of Kurdish identity for the majority of Kurds.[7][8][10] Though celebrations vary, people generally gather together to welcome the coming of spring; they wear traditional coloured Kurdish clothes, dance together, light fires to dance around and jump over the bonfire, play Kurdish games.[13][14][3]

Etymology

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The word Newroz is a combination of the Kurdish words نوێ (naw, meaning 'new') and ڕۆژ (roz, 'day').

Mythology

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The arrival of spring has been celebrated in Asia Minor since neolithic times. The root of this story goes back to ancient Iranian legends, retold in General History by scientist Dinawari,[15] The Meadows of Gold by Muslim historian Masudi,[16] the Shahnameh, a poetic opus written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi around 1000 AD, and the Sharafnameh by the medieval Kurdish historian Sherefxan Bidlisi.

Zahak, who is named Zuhak by the Kurds,[7][17] was an evil Assyrian king who conquered Iran and had serpents growing from his shoulders.[18] Zahak's rule lasted for one thousand years; his evil reign caused spring to no longer come to Kurdistan.[7] During this time, two young men were sacrificed daily and their brains were offered to Zahak's serpents in order to alleviate his pain.[18] However, the man who was in charge of sacrificing the two young men every day would instead kill only one man a day and mix his brains with those of a sheep in order to save the other man. As discontent grew against Zahak's rule, the nobleman Fereydun planned a revolt.[19] The revolt was led by Kaveh (also known as Kawa) (in the Ossetian language, Kurdalægon), a blacksmith who had lost six sons to Zahak.[18] The young men who had been saved from the fate of being sacrificed (who according to the legend were ancestors of the Kurds[15][16][20]) were trained by Kaveh into an army that marched to Zahak's castle where Kaveh killed the king with a hammer. Kaveh is said to have then set fire to the hillsides to celebrate the victory and summon his supporters; spring returned to Kurdistan the next day.[7]

March 20 is traditionally marked as the day that Kaveh defeated Zahak. This legend is now used by the Kurds to remind themselves that they are a different, strong people, and the lighting of the fires has since become a symbol of freedom.[7] It is a tradition to jump across a fire at Newroz.

According to Evliya Çelebi, the district (sancak) of Merkawe in Shahrazur in the southeastern part of Iraqi Kurdistan is named after Kaveh.[21] The 12th century geographer Yaqoot Hamawi mentions Zor (Zur[21]), son of Zahhak (Aji Dahak), as founder of the famous city of Sharazor.[22]

 
It is a tradition to jump across a fire at Newroz.

In the 1930s, the Kurdish poet Taufik Abdullah, wanting to instill a new Kurdish cultural revival, used a previously known, modified version of the story of Kawa.[7] He connected the myths where people felt oppressed with Newroz, thus reviving a dying holiday and making it a symbol of the Kurdish national struggle.[7][23]

Newroz customs and celebration

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Newroz is considered the most important festival in Kurdish culture, and is a time for entertainment such as games, dancing, family gathering, preparation of special foods and the reading of poetry.[24][25][26] The celebration of Newroz has its local peculiarities in different regions of Kurdistan.[24] On the eve of Newroz, in southern and eastern Kurdistan, bonfires are lit. These fires symbolize the passing of the dark season, winter, and the arrival of spring, the season of light.[24] The 17th century Kurdish poet Ahmad Khani mentions in one of his poems how the people, youth and elderly, leave their houses and gather in countryside to celebrate Newroz. [citation needed]

Armenian scholar Mardiros Ananikian [27] emphasizes the identical nature of Newroz and the Armenian traditional New Year, Navasard, noting that it was only in the 11th century that Navasard came to be celebrated in late summer rather than in early spring. He states that the Newroz – Navasard “was an agricultural celebration connected with commemoration of the dead […] and aiming at the increase of the rain and the harvests.”1 The great center of Armenian Navasard, Ananikian points out, was Bagavan, the center of fire worship.

Political overtones

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Newroz in Istanbul
 
Newroz in Istanbul
 
Newroz in Diyarbakir

The Kurdish association with Newroz has become increasingly pronounced since the 1950s when the Kurds in the Middle East and those in the diaspora in Europe started adopting it as a tradition.[28] Following the persecution of any Kurdish expression in Turkey, the revival of the Newroz celebration has become more intense and politicized and has also become a symbol of the Kurdish resurrection.[8] By the end of the 1980s, Newroz was mainly associated "with the attempts to express and resurrect" the Kurdish identity.[28]

In 1991, the Turkish minister of Culture Namık Kemal Zeybek gave out the directive to hold the Nevruz holiday.[29] During the leadership of Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel Turkey legalized the celebration of Nevruz, spelling it "Nevruz" and claiming its origins were to be found in Central Asia.[30] The Government was attempting to counter the rising Kurdish nationalism.[30] Using the Kurdish spelling "Newroz" has been officially forbidden,[31] though it is still widely used by Kurds. Several Turkish newspapers were prosecuted for the spelling of Newroz.[32][33] In the Kurdish regions of Turkey, specifically in Eastern Anatolia but also in Istanbul and Ankara where there are large Kurdish populations, people gather and jump over bonfires.[8] Previous to it being legalized, the PKK, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party, had chosen the date of the Newroz festival to stage attacks to obtain publicity for their cause;[8][34] this led to Turkish forces detaining thousands of people who were seen as supporters of the Kurdish rebel movements.[35][36][37] During the Newroz celebrations of 1992, more than 90 Kurdish participants were killed by the Turkish government.[38] In 2008, two participants were killed.[39]

In Syria, the Kurds dress up in their national dress and celebrate the new year.[40] According to Human Rights Watch, Syrian Kurds have had to struggle to celebrate Newroz, and in the past the celebration has led to violent oppression, leading to several deaths and mass arrests.[10][41] The government has stated that the Newroz celebrations will be tolerated as long as they do not become political demonstrations of the treatment of the Kurds.[10] During the Newroz celebrations in 2008, three Kurds were shot dead by Syrian security forces.[42][43]

Kurds in the diaspora also celebrate the new year: Kurds in Australia celebrate Newroz not only as the beginning of the new year but also as Kurdish National Day;[9] the Kurds in Finland celebrate the new year as a way of demonstrating their support for the Kurdish cause.[44] In London, organizers estimated that 25,000 people celebrated Newroz in March 2006.[45]

The Saitama prefectural parks and greenery association in the north of Tokyo, were denied Kurdish refugees permittion to hold Newroz celebrations in that city. They told The Asahi Shimbun that they were pressured by unknown people by phone and email to reject the request of the Kurds; for this reason, the association director withheld permission for the festival citing the possibility that protesters might show up and cause trouble at the park. But a little later the association on Jan. 23 retracted its decision, saying it was a mistake, and apologized to organizers of the Newroz festival.[46]

Newroz in Kurdish literature

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Newroz has been mentioned in works of many Kurdish poets and writers as well as musicians.[47] One of the earliest records of Newroz in Kurdish literature is from Melayê Cizîrî (1570–1640):[48]

Without the light and the fire of Love,
Without the Designer and the power of Creator,
We are not able to reach Union.
(Light is for us and dark is the night)

This fire massing and washing the Heart,
My heart claim after it.
And here come Newroz and the New Year,
When a such light is rising.

 
Kurdish family in Bisaran, Iran

The famous Kurdish writer and poet Piramerd (1867–1950) writes in his 1948 poem Newroz:[49]

The New Year's day is today. Newroz is back.
An ancient Kurdish festival, with joy and verdure.
For many years, the flower of our hopes was downtrodden
The poppy of spring was the blood of the youth
It was that red colour on the high horizon of Kurd
Which was carrying the happy tidings of dawn to remote and near nations
It was Newroz which imbued the hearts with such a fire
That made the youth receive death with devoted love
Hooray! The sun is shining from the high mountains of homeland
It is the blood of our martyrs which the horizon reflects
It has never happened in the history of any nation
To have the breasts of girls as shields against bullets
Nay. It is not worth crying and mourning for the martyrs of homeland
They die not. They live on in the heart of the nation.

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Thomas Bois, Connaissance des Students, 164 pp., 1965. (see p. 69)
  2. ^ Abdurrahman Sharafkandi (Hejar), Henbane Borîne (Kurdish-Kurdish-Persian Dictionary), Soroush Press, 1991, Tehran, p. 715
  3. ^ a b Ahmady, Kameel 2009: Another look at east and southeast Turkey. GABB Publication, Diyarbakır. p 248.
  4. ^ "Possible closure of political party dampens Nowruz for Turkey's Kurds - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com. 2022-03-29. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  5. ^ "Nowruz celebrations in Turkey". Al Arabiya English. 2014-03-21. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  6. ^ Plimmer, Joe (2023-03-21). "Nowruz: Kurdish new year 2023 celebrations – in pictures". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Murphy, Dan (2004-03-24). "For Kurds, a day of bonfires, legends, and independence". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
  8. ^ a b c d e Yanik, Lerna K. (March 2006). "'Nevruz' or 'Newroz'? Deconstructing the 'Invention' of a Contested Tradition in Contemporary Turkey". Middle Eastern Studies. 42 (2): 287. doi:10.1080/00263200500417710. hdl:11693/49511. S2CID 143682680.
  9. ^ a b Jupp, James (2001). The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80789-1.
  10. ^ a b c d Yildiz, Kerim; Fryer, Georgina (2004). The Kurds: Culture and Language Rights. Kurdish Human Rights Project. ISBN 1-900175-74-6.
  11. ^ Wahlbeck, Osten (1999). Kurdish Diasporas: A Comparative Study of Kurdish Refugee Communities (Migration, Minorities and Citizenship). Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-22067-7.
  12. ^ "Newroz – Kurdish New Year". BBC.
  13. ^ Frantz, Douglas (2001-03-23). "Diyarbakir Journal: Where Misery Abounds, the Kurds Make Merry". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2007-02-16. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
  14. ^ Macris, Gina (2002-03-25). "Kurds Ring in New Year". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 2006-12-17. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
  15. ^ a b al-Dinawari, Ahmad b. Dawud. Kitab al-akhbar al-tiwal. Edited by V.Guirgass. Leiden. 1888, see p. 7
  16. ^ a b Hakan Ozoglu, Kurdish notables and the Ottoman State, 2004, SUNY Press, page: 30. ISBN 0-7914-5993-4
  17. ^ Kurdish Institute of Paris (March 2001). "Newroz 2001: In Diyarbekir the celebrations brought together 500,000 people in a calm atmosphere, but there were many incidents in Istanbul". Retrieved 2007-03-13.
  18. ^ a b c Warner, Marina; Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2004). World of Myths: Roman Myths. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70607-3.
  19. ^ In some of the present Kurdish versions of the story of Zahak and Kawa, there is no mention of Fereydun. van Bruinessen, Vol. 3, pp. 1–11, 2000. In the Ahl-e Haqq (Yarsan) Kurdish tradition, Kawa rebelled against Zahak and helped Fereydun imprison Zahak inside Mount Damavand. Hajj Nematollah, Shah-Nama-Ye Haqiqat, Intishaaraat Jeyhun (1982).
  20. ^ 05001 Zahak Archived 2007-03-06 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ a b Martin van Bruinessen, "Kurdistan in the 16th and 17th centuries, as reflected in Elviya Çelebi's Seyahatname", The Journal of Kurdish Studies, Vol. 3, pp. 1–11, 2000.
  22. ^ Kitab Mu'jam Al Buldan by Yaqoot Hamawi, Book 3, p: 425-427
  23. ^ Connecting celebration of the new year with injustice and oppression is also reflected in the Coptic celebration of Nayrouz, whose chronology begins when Diocletian became Roman emperor.
  24. ^ a b c H. Betteridge, G. Kreyenbroek, Hitchins, Anne, EIr, Philip, Keith. "FESTIVALS, KURDISH (SUNNI)". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-01-27.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Ahmady, Kameel 2009: Another Look at East and Southeast Turkey. GABB Publication, Diyarbakır. p 248.
  26. ^ Nations, United. "International Nowruz Day". United Nations. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  27. ^ Ananikean, M. H. (2010). Armenian mythology : stories of Armenian gods and goddesses, heroes and heroines, hells & heavens, folklore & fairy tales. Los Angeles: IndoEuropean Publishing.com. ISBN 9781604441727.
  28. ^ a b Yanik, Lerna K. (2006). "'Nevruz' or 'Newroz'? Deconstructing the 'Invention' of a Contested Tradition in Contemporary Turkey". Middle Eastern Studies. 42 (2): 287. doi:10.1080/00263200500417710. hdl:11693/49511. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 4284447. S2CID 143682680.
  29. ^ Yanik, Lerna K. (2006). pp.287–288
  30. ^ a b Yanik, Lerna K. (2006). p.288
  31. ^ Bianet :: Let Newroz and Nevruz bring Peace and Spring! Archived 2008-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ Meho, Lokman I. (2004). The Kurdish Question in U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-313-31435-3.
  33. ^ Korkut, Tolga. ""Newroz" and "Kawa" Reason for Imprisonment?". Bianet.
  34. ^ Aykan, Bahar (2014-12-17). "Whose Tradition, Whose Identity? The politics of constructing "Nevruz" as intangible heritage in Turkey". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (19). doi:10.4000/ejts.5000. ISSN 1773-0546.
  35. ^ "Turkish police arrest thousands". BBC. 1999-03-22. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
  36. ^ Ahmady, Kameel 2009: Another look at east and southeast Turkey. GABB Publication, Diyarbakır. p 248.
  37. ^ "Kurdish Activists Arrested in Turkey Ahead of Nowruz Celebrations". VOA. 2017-03-20. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  38. ^ "The Kurds of Turkey: Killings, Disappearance and Torture" (PDF). HRW. 1993-03-21. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  39. ^ "Two demonstrators die in Turkey clashes". RTÉ News. 2008-03-23.
  40. ^ Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan Sperl (1991). The Kurds. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-07265-4.
  41. ^ Amnesty International (2004-03-16). "Syria: Mass arrests of Syrian Kurds and fear of torture and other ill-treatment". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 2006-11-19. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
  42. ^ Three Kurds killed in Syria shooting, human rights group says – Middle East Archived 2012-03-21 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ "Police kill three Kurds in northeast Syria – group". Reuters. 2008-03-21.
  44. ^ Wahlbeck, Osten (1999). Kurdish Diasporas: A Comparative Study of Kurdish Refugee Communities. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-22067-7.
  45. ^ "London celebrates Newroz: The Kurdish New Year". The Londoner. March 2006. Archived from the original on May 23, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
  46. ^ "Saitama officials apologize for refusal to allow Kurdish festival". The Asahi Shimbun. January 2024. Archived from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  47. ^ van Bruinessen, Martin (2000). "Transnational aspects of the Kurdish question". Florence: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute.
  48. ^ Alexie, Sandrine (2007-03-21). "Newroz û Sersal (Newroz and New Year)". Roj Bash. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-22.
  49. ^ Mirawdeli, Kamal (2005-03-21). "The old man and the fire". Kurdistan Referendum Movement. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
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