Naxos (Greek: Νάξος; Italian: Nasso), commonly referred to as Chora (Greek: Χώρα), is a city and a former municipality on the island of Naxos, in the Cyclades, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Naxos and Lesser Cyclades, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.[2] The community has 8,897 inhabitants (2021 census).[1] It is located on the west side of Naxos Island in the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. It was an important centre of bronze age Cycladic culture and an important city in the ancient Greek Archaic Period.
Naxos
Νάξος | |
|---|---|
 View of the port | |
  Naxos Location within the regional unit  | |
| Coordinates: 37°6′N 25°22′E / 37.100°N 25.367°E | |
| Country | Greece |
| Administrative region | South Aegean |
| Regional unit | Naxos |
| Municipality | Naxos and Lesser Cyclades |
| Area | |
| • Municipal unit | 126.957 km2 (49.018 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 11 m (36 ft) |
| Population (2021)[1] | |
| • Municipal unit | 14,708 |
| • Municipal unit density | 120/km2 (300/sq mi) |
| • Community | 8,897 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 843 xx |
| Area code(s) | 22850 |
| Vehicle registration | ΕΜ |
| Website | www |
History
editPrehistory and bronze age
editThe landscape of Naxos has been continuously inhabited since prehistory, which is attested by archaeological findings and remains of historic structures across the island and within the city. [3]. Important remains from the Cycladic and later Mycenean civilizations have been found in the area of Grotta and elsewhere.[4].
Naxos in the Archaic Period
editDuring the 8th and 7th centuries BC, Naxos dominated commerce in the Cyclades. Being the largest island among the Cyclades and rich in resources, such as emery and marble, it was able to become one of the most prominent Greek city-states in the archaic period. The city was powerful enough to exert its control over several of the neighboring islands. During the Archaic era, Naxos was also among the first places in Greece where marble sculpture developed. Naxian sculpture from this era has been found all over Greece. The Naxians are even known to have dedicated sculptures and other works in Ancient Greek sanctuaries such as Delos and Delphi.
Tyranny of Lygdamis
editAround 546BC, after a period of social struggles, an aristocrat named Lygdamis, initially representing the rural population of the island's hinterland, was able to assume power on the island with the support of the tyrant of Athens, Peisistratos. During his rule, several temples and infrastructure projects are known to have been constructed on the island, such as the temple of Apollo on the islet Palatia, the temple of Demeter in Sangri and an acqueduct that provided water to the city. Lygdamis was removed from power in 524BC by the Peloponnesian League, a military alliance led by Sparta, and some of his building projects remained unfinished, famously including the temple of Apollo.
Siege of Naxos
editIn 501 BC the people of Naxos rebelled against the aristocracy, aiming to install a more democratic regime. Many aristocrats fled to the town of Miletus, which was then controlled by the Persian Empire. There, they were able to gain the support of the city's tyrant, Aristagoras, which led him to propose a plan to conquer the island on behalf of the Persians. The plan was authorized in 499BC and led to a failed invasion of Naxos. This led to the larger Ionian Revolt, and then to the Persian War between Greece and Persia.
Persian Wars
editThe city was attacked by a large Persian fleet in 490BC. This time it was unprepared for the attack, and it was captured and burned. The Naxians were forced to provide 4 ships to the Persian fleet to fight in the battle of Salamis. However, the ships switched sides under their commander Democritus, and fought against the Persians, helping the Greeks win the battle.
Classical Period
editAfter the end of the Archaic Period, Naxos never regained its former power and importance. It became part of the Delian League, a military alliance led by Athens. Naxos was the first city to revolt from the League in 471BC, but it was forced by Athens to remain a member.
Later Periods
editNaxos continued to exist as a city during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, from which building remains still exist. During the Byzantine period, the town was partially abandoned due to its vulnerability against frequent pirate attacks, and much of the population moved to the island's hinterland.
The Dukes of Naxos
editIn the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, with a Latin Emperor under the influence of the Venetians established at Constantinople, the Venetian Marco Sanudo conquered the island and soon captured the rest of the islands of the Cyclades, establishing himself as Duke of Naxia, or Duke of the Archipelago. Sanudo ruled directly over Naxos and Milos and appointed governors on all the other islands. Marco Sanudo might have been helped by a council (università) inspired by the Venetian institution. Greeks and Latins were members of that council. Sanudo might have instituted the political fonction of vicario, who was supposed to replace him when he was away (which he was repeatedly). There also were a megas kapetanios (in Greek), commander in chief of the troops, a treasurer, a chancellor and a judicial administration.[5] The Duchy also had its own currency: the ducat.[6]
Sanudo changed the face of the island itself by moving the capital (the actual Naxos-town or Chora) from the interior to the seaside, where it used to be in antiquity. Its harbor was even better than Potamides. He built at least one pier. The chapel of Panagia Myrtidiotissa, built on a small islet in the middle of the harbor, is also known among the locals as Panagia tou Molou (meaning: Mary of the Pier) and is therefore thought to have been built on the medieval pier (although another possibility is that it was built on a pre-existing, ancient pier). On the old acropolis, Sanudo built the Kastro, the town's fortress. It comprised the palace, the exterior walls, a keep, a gothic chapel (since destroyed), the houses of the Latin families and the Catholic cathedral. Greeks built their houses between the harbor and the fortress, in the suburbs of Bourgos and Nio Chorio. [7][8] The suburb of Bourgos was mainly inhabited by a middle class of merchants, landowners and artisans. Nio Chorio, on the other hand, was the part of the city where mainly poor peasants lived.
Twenty-one dukes in two dynasties (Sanudo and Crispo) ruled the Archipelago, until 1566; Venetian rule continued in scattered islands of the Aegean until 1714.
Ottoman Naxos (1566–1821)
editUnder the Ottomans, the administration on the island remained essentially as it had been in the hands of the Venetians; the Sultans' concern was satisfied by the returns of taxes. The title of Duke of Naxos was no longer hereditary, instead being appointed by the Ottoman Sultan. Very few Turks ever settled on Naxos, and Turkish influence on the island is slight. During this period, the local islanders were able to demand and gain more rights over time, such as religious, administrative and judicial freedoms, as well as tax reductions. Piracy was rampant during the Ottoman period, with Muslim and Christian pirates devastating Naxos and the nearby islands by destroying and looting houses or entire villages, stealing livestock and even capturing locals and selling them to slavery. Especially from the 17th century onwards, with an increased presence of western European countries in the Eastern Mediterranean sea, pirates from western Europe, and especially France, caused a lot of problems on the islands. The Ottoman Empire could not deal with the pirates by force, and thus often resorted in granting them privileges and giving them titles to prevent further damage to its coastal areas. Turkish sovereignty lasted until 1821, when the islands revolted; Naxos finally became a member of the Greek state in 1832.
City Districts
editThe city can be divided into a number of districts, each with a distinct history and characteristics, including the old and new parts of the town.
Old Town
editThe Old Town is the city's historic center, comprising roughly 30% of the city area today. It is itself comprised of several parts, namely Grotta, Bourgos, Kastro and Nio Chorio[9].
Grotta
editGrotta (Greek: Γρόττα) is the name of the city's northern beach, also referring to the area of the city that lies near its shore. The name comes from the Venetian word Grota, meaning 'cave', referring to the many small caves under the cliff at Aplomata. The area contains some old churches and the oldest primary school in the city, which functions since 1835. Grotta was the location of the Mycenean city of Naxos, the remains of which can still be seen, although they are partly underwater[10]. Parts of the old city can be viewed in the underground 'In-Situ' museum under the square in front of Naxos' Orthodox Cathedral[11].
Bourgos
editBourgos (Greek: Μπούργος) is the name of the district north of the castle. Traditionally, it was inhabited by the city's merchants and artisans, and, in general, by a 'middle class' of people whose main occupation was not agriculture[12]. The name comes from the Venetian word borgo, which refers to a kind of fortified settlement. This part of the city was lightly fortified and only accessible by three gates. The houses are built very close to each other, with the streets being very narrow and winding, with a lot of dead ends. This layout is often likened to a labyrinth, and it is believed that it was built this way in part to disorientate any intruders, most notably pirates[13]. All roads going in or out of Bourgos eventually lead to the castle or towards the sea[14]. The area has a high density of churches[15], some small squares, arched passageways, and white houses, following the typical Cycladic architecture[16]. Right next to Bourgos, outside one of the gates, there is the neighborhood of Evriaki (Greek: Εβριακή, meaning 'Jewish'), which used to be the city's Jewish quarter.
Kastro
editThe Kastro (from the Greek word κάστρο, meaning 'castle') is a fortified circular fortress built on top of a hill on which the ancient city's acropolis once stood. The walls are mostly comprised of buildings arranged in a circular, defensive arrangement[17]. There are two main gates to the castle: the main gate, called Trani Porta (Greek: Τρανή Πόρτα, meaning 'Great Gate') and a secondary gate called Paraporti (Greek: Παραπόρτι, meaning 'side gate'), as well as a few additional openings between the surrounding houses, that allow access to the interior of the castle. The Kastro is not just a castle in the sense of a fortification, but rather it contains an entire medieval town, which is still largely preserved in its original form. Founded in 1207 by Marco Sanudo, it was inhabited by the Venetian and Latin lords and aristocrats who ruled over the island for many centuries, with some of their descendants still residing there to this day. The Kastro contains large mansions, often with family crests above the doors, as well as a large density of Catholic churches and monasteries. Notable buildings include the Catholic Cathedral of Naxos, the Ursuline School, the Merchant Academy and the remains of the tower of Sanudo, a large tower at the castle's central square whose height is thought to have exceeded 30 meters[18]. Another important surviving part of the castle is the Crispi tower (or Glezos tower), a round tower built next to the main castle gate, and the castle's only tower that survives today. It is currently being used to house a museum.[19]
Nio Chorio
editNio Chorio (Greek: Νιό Χωριό, meaning 'New Village') is a district south of the Kastro, which was traditionally mainly inhabited by economically poorer peasants and laborers. It is located south & southwest of the castle, and contains mainly residential buildings, as well as some shops, restaurants and a number of churches. The streets of Nio Chorio are generally wider and less inclined than those at Bourgos, making them partly accessible by car to residents.
New Constructions
editMostly in the 20th century, the city underwent significant construction and expansion beyond its old borders.
City Expansion
editNew houses began to be built outside of the fortified Old Town around the beginning of the 20th century. A new district, called Prosfygika (Greek:Προσφυγικά, meaning 'refugee district') was added in the 1920s after a wave of Greek immigrants from western Turkey arrived on Naxos following the 1922 Asia Minor Disaster[20]. Development outside of the old city limits continued in the following decades due to people immigrating from the island's villages to the city, with a large wave of construction taking place in and after the 1970s with the rise of tourism[21]. The city's development was mainly concentrated in an area south of the old town, delimited to its west by Agios Georgios Beach, and to its east by the road connecting the city to the villages. The newly built areas include asphalt roads in grid configurations, which are used for car traffic, even though some of them are quite narrow. All new buildings have been built in a style resembling the traditional construction found in the Old Town and elsewhere on the island, according to local building regulations.
Port and Promenade
editThe Port of Naxos is on the northwestern side of the city, and includes a breakwater and several piers. It facilitates transport of people and goods to and from the island by ferry, also providing a place to dock smaller vessels such as fishing boats. Along the seafront lies a promenade, known locally as Paralia (Greek: Παραλία, meaning 'seafront'). It consists of a pedestrian street lined with shops and restaurants, an asphalt road for car traffic and an additional walking area by the sea. During the summer months, the asphalt road is closed for traffic during the night, instead also being accessible to pedestrians. A part of the promenade collapsed in 2023 and is still undergoing restoration as of 2025[22].
Historical population
edit
The below values refer to the population of the Naxos municipality, which, besides the town itself, included about 30% of the island. The municipality was disestablished in 2011.
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1991 | 9,824 |
| 2001 | 12,089 |
| 2011 | 12,726 |
| 2021 | 14,708 |
Notable people
edit- Kostas Manolas (born 1991), footballer
References
edit- ^ a b "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
- ^ "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
- ^ Crow, Jim; Turner, Sam; Vionis, Athanasios K. (2011). "Characterizing the Historic Landscapes of Naxos". Mediterranean Archaeology (24.1).
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Cosmopoulos, Michael B. (1998). "Reconstructing Cycladic prehistory: Naxos in the early and middle Late Bronze Age". Oxford journal of archaeology (17.2): 127–148.
- ^ Charles A. Frazee, The Island Princes of Greece: The Dukes of the Archipelago, Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1988, p. 18.
- ^ J.K. Fotheringham and L.R.F. Williams, Marco Sanudo, conqueror of the Archipelago, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1915, p. 80.
- ^ Charles A. Frazee, The Island Princes of Greece: The Dukes of the Archipelago, Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1988, p. 20-21.
- ^ J.K. Fotheringham and L.R.F. Williams, Marco Sanudo, conqueror of the Archipelago, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1915, p.70-72
- ^ Κατσουρός, Κωνσταντίνος. "Γνωριμία με τη Χώρα της Νάξου". Naxos Press. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
- ^ Κατσουρός, Κωνσταντίνος. "Γνωριμία με τη Χώρα της Νάξου". Naxos Press. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
- ^ "The in-situ museum of Naxos". EUmies awards. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
- ^ Κατσουρός, Κωνσταντίνος. "Γνωριμία με τη Χώρα της Νάξου". Naxos Press. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
- ^ Κατσουρός, Κωνσταντίνος. "Γνωριμία με τη Χώρα της Νάξου". Naxos Press. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
- ^ Κατσουρός, Κωνσταντίνος. "Γνωριμία με τη Χώρα της Νάξου". Naxos Press. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
- ^ Ναυπλιώτης, Ιάκωβος. "Ο Μπούργος και το Νιο Χωριό της Νάξου (video)". Naxos Times. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
- ^ Ναυπλιώτης, Ιάκωβος. "Ο Μπούργος και το Νιο Χωριό της Νάξου (video)". Naxos Times. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
- ^ "Naxos Castle". kastra.eu. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
- ^ "Naxos Castle". kastra.eu. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
- ^ "Glezos Tower". Greek Castles. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
- ^ ΝΑΥΠΛΙΩΤΗΣ, ΙΑΚ. ΑΝΑΣΤΑΣΙΟΣ (May 2008). ΜΙΚΡΑΣΙΑΤΕΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΕΣ ΠΡΟΣΦΥΓΕΣ ΣΤΗ ΝΑΞΟ. ΙΩΛΚΟΣ. ISBN 9789604263714.
- ^ "Χώρα Νάξου: από το μεσαιωνικό στο τουριστικό τοπίο". greekscapes. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
- ^ Λιανός, Νικόδημος. "Νάξος – Αλιευτικό καταφύγιο: Τομές στη χερσαία ζώνη, τι γίνεται με το έργο; (video)". Naxos Press. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
External links
edit
- Official website (in Greek)