Wikipedia

Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor

Mumbai–Ahmedabad High Speed Rail Corridor (MAHSR) or Mumbai–Ahmedabad HSR is an under-construction high-speed rail line, which will connect Mumbai, the financial hub of India, with Ahmedabad, the largest city in the state of Gujarat. When completed, it will be India's first high-speed rail line, with a top speed of 320 km/h (200 mph).[2][3]

Mumbai–Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail Corridor
E5 Series Shinkansen, which will be the rolling stock of the high-speed rail corridor.
Overview
StatusUnder construction
OwnerIndian Railways
Locale
Termini
Stations12
Websitewww.nhsrcl.in
Service
TypeHigh-speed rail
Operator(s)National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited
Rolling stockE5 Series Shinkansen
History
Planned openingAugust 2026[1]
Technical
Line length508.18 km (315.77 mi)
CharacterElevated, underground, undersea and grade-separated
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification25 kV 50Hz AC, overhead catenary
Operating speed320 km/h (200 mph)
Route map

Legend
Delhi–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor
to New Delhi (planned)
Sabarmati Depot and Workshop
Sabarmati
Sabarmati Junction railway station  Red Line  Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System
Sabarmati River
Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad Junction railway station Kalupur Railway Station metro station Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System
NH47-IN.svg NH 47 (Sardar Patel Ring Road)
Meshwo River
Vatrak River
NH48-IN.svg NH 48
(Golden Quadrilateral)
 Anand/Nadiad
Maintenance Depot
Indian Railways
Mahi River
Delhi–Mumbai Expressway
NH48-IN.svg NH 48 (Golden Quadrilateral)
Vadodara
Vadodara Junction railway station
Western
DFC
 Bharuch
Narmada River
Western DFC
Delhi–Mumbai Expressway[a]
Indian Railways
Tapti River
 Surat
Surat Depot
Indian Railways
NH53-IN.svg NH 53
NH48-IN.svg NH 48
(Golden Quadrilateral)
NH60-IN.svg NH 60
 Bilimora
Kharera River [gu]
NH48-IN.svg NH 48 (Golden Quadrilateral)
Auranga River
Par River
NH848-IN.svg NH 848
NH56-IN.svg NH 56
Maintenance Depot
 Vapi
Daman Ganga River
Gujarat
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
border
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Gujarat
border
Gujarat
Maharashtra
border
NH48-IN.svg NH 48 (Golden Quadrilateral)
 Boisar
NH160A-IN.svg NH 160A
Maintenance Depot
Indian Railways and Western DFC
Vaitarna River
Virar
Western DFC
NH48-IN.svg NH 48 (Golden Quadrilateral)
Tungareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary
Indian Railways and Western DFC
Ulhas River
NH848-IN.svg NH 848
Indian Railways
NH160-IN.svg NH 160 (Mumbai–Agra Highway)
Mumbai–Nagpur high-speed rail corridor
to Nagpur (planned)
Thane Depot and Workshop
Ulhas River
Mumbai Suburban Railway
 Thane
Mumbai Suburban Railway
NH48-IN.svg NH 48 (Golden Quadrilateral)
Parsik Hills
7 km (4.3 mi) tunnel under Thane Creek
Eastern Express Highway
Mumbai Suburban Railway
Mithi River
 Mumbai BKC
Line 2 Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport
Key
 Indian Railways (including Western DFC on the same line)
Western DFC
Western DFC (under construction)
Ahmedabad Metro
This diagram:
Map of Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor.

The line is being developed by National High Speed Rail Corporation (NHSRC), a wholly owned subsidiary of Indian Railways, the Ministry of Railways and the Government of India. The line will use Shinkansen technology from Japan, including rolling stock, signalling and design standards – with technology transfer to support the Make in India programme.

In 2019, construction was supposed to start in April 2020,[4] and the 352 km section through Gujarat was expected to fully open in 2027, after opening the section's 50 km (31 mi) stretch, from Surat to Bilimora, in August 2026.[1] However, after a delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the construction commenced a year later in February of 2021 when NHSRC began to pour concrete to cast the corridor's first pillar.[5] The entire section leading up to Mumbai is expected to open by the end of 2028.

History

edit

Conception

edit

The Mumbai–Ahmedabad corridor, along with five other high-speed rail corridors, was introduced for a feasibility study in the 2009–2010 Rail Budget. A 650 km (400 mi) long high-speed rail corridor was proposed to run from Pune to Ahmedabad via Mumbai. The point at which this route would touch Mumbai was to be decided when the feasibility report was prepared. The pre-feasibility study for the Ahmedabad–Mumbai–Pune corridor was completed by a consortium of RITES, Italferr, and Systra.[6] The top speed expected for the corridor was set up to 350 km/h (220 mph).[7] The proposed stations included Lonavala on Mumbai–Pune section and Surat, Bharuch and Vadodara on Mumbai–Ahmedabad section. It was proposed to have 32 services between Mumbai and Ahmedabad. Railway officials also proposed extending the corridor up to Bengaluru.[8]

A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed in New Delhi on 14 February 2013 between the Ministry of Railways and the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français (SNCF), the French national railways, for technical cooperation in the field of railways. The parties agreed to carry out jointly an "operations and development" feasibility project on the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor. The project was funded by the SNCF with support from the French Ministry of Finance.[9] In March 2013, the Railway Board decided to drop the Mumbai–Pune section and operate the high-speed rail service only between Mumbai and Ahmedabad. The Board decided due to financial constraints, that the ghat section between Pune and Mumbai would escalate the budget for the project. According to Vidyadhar A. Malegaonkar, Chief Public Relations Officer (PRO), Western Railway, "It's a Western Railway project and a very little portion of Maharashtra was being covered under it. Hence, the Maharashtra government was showing little interest in the project and was also reluctant to bear a financial burden. That is the reason why the Railway Board has decided against including the Pune–Mumbai portion in the high-speed corridor".[10]

India and Japan signed a MoU to undertake a joint feasibility study of the Mumbai–Ahmedabad route in New Delhi in September 2013.[11] This was in pursuance of the Joint Statement between the then-Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh and the Prime Minister of Japan, Shinzō Abe, on 29 May 2013, which provided that the two sides would co-finance a joint feasibility study of the route. The objective of the joint study was to prepare a feasibility report of the system with a speed of 300 to 350 km/h (190 to 220 mph). The cost of the study (¥500 million)[12] was borne equally by India and Japan. The study was scheduled to be completed within 18 months from its commencement, i.e. by July 2015. The study carried out traffic forecasting, and alignment surveys and undertook a comparative study of high-speed railway technology and systems.[9][13]

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and the SNCF carried out studies on the project. JICA researched the technology, alignment and traffic-related aspects, while SNCF worked on business projections.[9][14] The feasibility study included an alignment survey concerning aspects such as land acquisition, environmental challenges, and the building of tunnels and bridges. It also suggested a financial model based on fare and non-fare box revenue.[15]

Planning

edit

JICA officials visited Mumbai in January 2014 to discuss the details of the project and made selective site visits to the proposed route. On 21 January, following several meetings between JICA and Indian Railways officials, it was proposed to originate the corridor at the Bandra Kurla Complex (BKC) in Mumbai. The proposed route would begin from BKC, go right up to Thane on the Central Line, and then take a diversion on the Trans-Harbour route which is on the Thane-Diva-Vasai-Virar stretch. The corridor would then switch over to the Western Line, before entering Gujarat and terminating at Ahmedabad.[16] 12 stations were proposed on the route, of which 8 would have been in Gujarat. The intention behind taking the route via Thane is to keep the option open to link the corridor to Pune. The team also proposed other options for originating the line at either Bandra Terminus or Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, if the BKC option was unfeasible.[15] Air-conditioned bullet trains are expected to operate in the corridor at speeds of 320 km/h (200 mph), enabling commuters to traverse the 534 km (332 mi) distance in two hours. Currently, the fastest train operating in this sector is the Ahmedabad Duronto Express, which takes 6 hours and 15 minutes to reach Mumbai Central from Ahmedabad running non-stop between these two cities at a maximum speed of 130 km/h (81 mph).[15]

The project held its first full-fledged meeting at the Railway Ministry in the first week of April 2014, to bring about a broad consensus on the project, especially between the governments of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The meeting was attended by representatives from the Maharashtra and Gujarat governments, and the JICA, and Railway Board officials. At the meeting, officials agreed to begin the line from BKC, and then take it to Thane and onward to Virar. The Maharashtra government was in favour of connecting the line with Belapur as well, to bring high-speed rail to Navi Mumbai. However, railway officials were opposed to the Belapur detour. Officials also discussed the need to ensure that the terminal at BKC would be connected to Line 3 of the Mumbai Metro, enabling commuters from South Mumbai to reach BKC.

 
Prime ministers of India and Japan at the groundbreaking ceremony for the Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail project, at Ahmedabad in 2017.

In May 2014, the project was approved by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in a meeting with the chairman of the High-Speed Rail Corporation of India.[17] The feasibility study on the project was carried out by RITES, Italferr and Systra in July 2015.[18] On 20 July 2015, a joint Japanese-Indian survey team recommended a Shinkansen-style system for the Mumbai–Ahmedabad line, including the adoption of Automatic train control and dedicated tracks.[19] JICA's report recommended constructing 63.3% of the route an embankment slightly above the ground, 28.3% on stilts, 5.8% underground and 2.2% on bridges. Minister of State for Railways Rajen Gohain informed Parliament on 15 March 2017 that under a new plan, the entire corridor would be elevated except for the tracks that were proposed to be built underground.[20]

The Ministry of Railways, based on the recommendation of the NITI Aayog, announced that Shinkansen technology would be adopted for the line, with technology transfer to support the Make in India programme. Japan would also provide staff training.[21] In January 2016, the Ministry of Railways fast-tracked the project and set up a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) named the National High-Speed Rail Corporation Limited to build and operate the corridor. The company was registered in January 2016 in the name of Indian Railways. It was planned for the company to eventually be made into a joint venture with equity participation of the Maharashtra and Gujarat governments. The public sector company is expected to build and also carry out train operations.[22][23] The Ministry of Railways, the National High-Speed Rail Corporation (NHSRC)[24] and JICA signed a tripartite consultancy agreement in December 2016 to implement the project. The NHSRC[24] is a new agency floated to implement the project. A joint venture between Japan International Consultants for Transportation Co (JIC), Nippon Koei Co, and Oriental Consultants Global Co. Ltd. was appointed as the general consultants for the project,[25] and prepared design documents, bidding documents and technical standards and specifications for the project.[20]

In late 2016, JICA awarded the detailed design study for the project to a consortium led by Japan International Consultants for Transportation (JIC), Nippon Koei India Pvt. Ltd and Oriental Consultants. The study formally began in March 2017. JIC will forecast demand, set fares and devise a train operation plan, handle preliminary design work for structures such as tunnels and bridges, and draw up an overall construction schedule. Japan International Consultants for Transportation (JIC) Project Manager stated that "conditions surrounding the construction of a high-speed railway in India – such as weather, which is harsh there, and the quality and standards of materials – are considerably different from those in Japan. So we are now comparing and adjusting to these technical matters." Japanese public and private sector companies conducted training programs for railway staff in India. JIC stated that the local expertise in India gained from constructing and operating various rapid transit systems could be utilized for the high-speed rail project. Japan also provided training to Indian Railway Ministry officials, some of whom studied in government-sponsored programs at graduate schools in Japan. India and Japan signed an agreement to establish an HSR Training Institute in India by 2020 to train railway staff in high-speed rail operations.[26]

The project received clearance from the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) in January 2019 to carry out construction in and around wildlife areas. The Board required the NHSRC to create safe passages for animals to pass through before beginning construction and to erect noise barriers and fencing to prevent any disturbance to wildlife during construction.[27]

The project received conditional clearance to cut down 53,467 mangrove trees spread over an area of 13.36 hectares[28] from the expert appraisal committee (EAC) on Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) projects of the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests on 18 March 2019. The Ministry required the NHSRC to obtain approval from the Bombay High Court and clearance from the Dahanu Taluka Environment Protection Authority. The NHSCRL is also required to conduct a study on the impact of the vibrations from the trains on the birds and mudflats in the Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary.[29] The NHSRC approached the Bombay High Court for approval on 8 April 2019.[30] The NHSRC announced in June 2019 that it had altered the proposed design of Thane station which would save 21,000 mangrove trees. As a result, only 32,044 mangroves are affected by the project.[31]

Design

edit

The design for the bridges, viaducts and tunnels was made by engineers based in Delhi, Mumbai and Japan.[32] The corridor is 508.09 km (315.71 mi) long and traverses the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The alignment comprises 460.3 km (286.0 mi) of viaducts (90.6% of route length), 25.87 km (16.07 mi) of tunnels (5.1%), 12.9 km (8.0 mi) of cut and fill (2.5%) and 9.22 km (5.73 mi) of bridges (1.8%).[33] A 21 km (13 mi) tunnel connects Thane and Virar, of which 7 km (4.3 mi) will be undersea.[34] The undersea tunnel was chosen to avoid damaging the thick vegetation present in the area.[35] The corridor will begin at the underground station in the Bandra-Kurla Complex in Mumbai, and then traverse 21 km (13 mi) underground before emerging above ground at Thane.[36]

Cost

edit

The project was estimated to cost ₹1.1 lakh crore (US$13 billion),[37] including the cost of 24 trainsets, interest during construction and import duties.[38] JICA agreed, in 2017, to fund 81% of the total project cost ₹88,087 crore (equivalent to ₹1.2 trillion or US$15 billion in 2023), through a 50-year, 1.5 trillion Japanese yen loan, at an interest rate of 0.1% with a moratorium on repayments up to 15 years[39] and the remaining cost will be borne by the state governments of Maharashtra and Gujarat.[40][41] 20% of the components used on the corridor will be supplied by Japan, and manufactured in India.[42][better source needed]

Most of the line will be constructed on an elevated corridor to avoid land acquisitions and the need to build underpasses. It will also enhance safety by eliminating the need for level crossings.[43] The decision to construct an elevated line raised the cost for the project by an additional ₹10,000 crore (US$1.2 billion).[44]

Railway Minister, Piyush Goyal, informed Parliament that ₹3,226.8 crore (US$390 million) had been spent on the project as of June 2019.[45]

The expenditure already incurred rose to ₹28,442 crore (US$3.4 billion) by July 2022, even as analysis suggested a 48% cost escalation in the project to ₹1.6 lakh crore (US$19 billion) due to the COVID-19 pandemic and land acquisition issues.[46]

JICA ODA loan tranches

edit

The following tranches were loaned by JICA as Official Development Assistance (ODA):

  1. Sep 2017 - ¥250 billion, around ₹18,000 crore (equivalent to ₹250 billion or US$3.0 billion in 2023)[47]
  2. Sep 2017 - ¥10.453 billion, around ₹640 crore (equivalent to ₹898 crore or US$110 million in 2023), for a training institute at Vadodara, Gujarat.[48]
  3. Sep 2018 - ¥89.547 billion, around ₹5,500 crore (equivalent to ₹74 billion or US$880 million in 2023)[48]
  4. Jul 2022 - ¥100 billion, around ₹6,000 crore (equivalent to ₹64 billion or US$760 million in 2023)[49]
  5. Mar 2023 - ¥300 billion, ₹18,750 crore (US$2.2 billion)[50]
  6. Dec 2023 - ¥400 billion, ₹22,627 crore (US$2.7 billion)[51]

Total: ¥1,150 billion (₹55,317 crore, $10.13 billion)

Land acquisition

edit

Survey work on the route began in January 2017. According to NHSRC[24] director Mukul Saran Mathur, "The geotechnical surveys have started along the entire route between Mumbai and Ahmedabad and is expected to take two to three months. The activities that have begun include geo-technical and geo-physical investigations into the 21-kilometre, under-water tunnel of the project as well as the Final Location Survey to mark the alignment, right down to the pillars on which the high-speed trains will run."[52] RITES identified 750 locations along the entire route to carry out soil testing, including 62 locations for the underground section. The agency completed soil testing at a total of 250 locations by 24 February.[53] Officials carried out testing of soil and rocks at a depth of 70 metres underwater for the undersea tunnel stretch.[35]

Railway officials utilized a helicopter mounted with a 100-megapixel high-resolution digital camera, a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) scanner, a data recorder and other equipment to carry out the survey. This aerial survey method provides accurate data about land contours, buildings and vegetation, and will permit the survey work to be completed within 9 to 10 weeks as opposed to the six to eight months required for a regular survey. The helicopter completed its survey of the entire route within a flying time of 30 hours, and the rest of the time is required for data processing.[34][54] The aerial survey was completed by JICA and the Indian Railways by the end of February 2017.[55] Railway Ministry officials stated in April 2017 that final location surveys had been completed, and that consultants to carry out environmental and social impact studies would be appointed within a few months.[56]

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe laid the foundation stone for the project in Ahmedabad on 14 September 2017.[57] All geo-technical surveys and tests under the sea bed for the underground section were completed by December 2017. Civil construction of the corridor was expected to begin by June 2018,[58] and the project was scheduled to be completed in 2023. The deadline was advanced to have the bullet train go on its first run on 15 August 2022 on the occasion of India's 75th Independence Day. However, surveys and land acquisition for the project faced delays and disruptions due to protests by farmers, land owners, and members of the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena party, which opposes the bullet train project.[59][60] The deadline to complete land acquisition was postponed from December 2018 to December 2019 as a result of the protests.[61] Railway Minister Piyush Goyal stated in July 2019 that the project was expected to be completed by December 2023.[62] In February 2020, Maharashtra Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray called the project a "white elephant" and questioned whether anyone would benefit from it.[63] The Shiv Sena has also blocked land acquisition attempts causing delays to the project.[64][65][66]

A total of 1,434.4 hectares of land will be required for the project including private, government, forest and railway land. The Railway Ministry stated that it had only been able to acquire 21.02 hectares or about 1.46% of the total land required for the project as of 18 December 2018.[67] NHSRC officials stated on 16 January 2019 that they had received the consent for land acquisition from 61 out of the 104 villages in Maharashtra that were located along the proposed route.[68] Officials in Gujarat stated that land acquisition was expected to be completed only by the end of 2019.[69] As of May 2019, 60% of land acquisition in Gujarat was completed.[70]

A report by news agency IANS quoted an unnamed NHSRC official as stating that 39% of the total land acquisition had been completed as of June 2019. The official stated that 471 of 940 hectares of land was acquired in Gujarat and 66 of 431 hectares in Maharashtra.[71][72] In August 2019, Minister of State for Railways Suresh Angadi informed Parliament that 297 villages were located along the proposed route in Gujarat and 97% of land owners in the state had consented to land acquisition but the government was still facing challenges acquiring land in certain pockets of Maharashtra.[73] NHSRC Managing Director Achal Khare stated that 45% of total land acquisition for the project was complete as of September 2019.[74] The Gujarat High Court dismissed a batch of petitions filed by farmers challenging the acquisition of their lands for the project later in the same month.[75][76]

On 29 January 2020, Railway Board Chairman VK Yadav stated that 47% of the total land required for the project had been acquired.[77] Maharashtra had only acquired 101.04 hectares out of the total 432 hectares required for the project, with no land having been acquired in Mumbai as of February 2021. Gujarat had completed 94% of total land acquisition (901.86 of 956.15 hectares). Railway Minister Piyush Goyal stated that the project would not be completed by 2023 due to land acquisition delays in Maharashtra. He also confirmed that the Railways would proceed with the tendering process in Gujarat as the state had acquired 94% of the required land.[78]

In September 2021, the NHSRC stated that it had acquired 30% of required land in Maharashtra, 97% in Gujarat and had completed land acquisition in Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[79]

As of March 2022, over 89% of required land has been acquired: 98% in Gujarat, 68% in Maharashtra, and 100% in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[80]

As of February 2023, 100% of the land required in Maharashtra has been acquired;[81] with Bombay High Court rejecting an appeal by Godrej & Boyce against the acquisition of land, whereby the offered monetary compensation of Rs 264 crore (INR 2.64 billion) for the purchase of 39,252 sq m (9.69 acres) of corporate land was contested by Godrej on September 15, 2022.[82]

Construction

edit

The NHSRC has divided the civil construction work of 508 km long Mumbai–Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail project into 8 packages as given below:[74]

Sr. No Package Length in km Contractor
C1. Underground station at Bandra Kurla Complex (BKC), Mumbai 1.02 Megha Engineering (MEIL) – Hindustan Construction Company (JV)
C2. Underground tunnel between BKC and Shilphata (Thane district) 20.37 Afcons Infrastructure
C3. Viaduct between Shilphata (Thane) and Zaroli village (Valsad district) 135.45 Larsen & Toubro[83]
C4. Viaduct between Zaroli village (Valsad) and Vadodara 237.10 Larsen & Toubro
C5. Viaduct and station within Vadodara 8.19 Larsen & Toubro
C6. Viaduct between Vadodara and Ahmedabad 87.56 Larsen & Toubro
C7. Viaduct and station within Ahmedabad 18.13 IRCON – DRA Infracon (JV)
C8. Viaduct and building works at Sabarmati depot 2.12 SCC Infrastructure Ltd – VRS Construction Ltd (JV)

The NHSCR floated tenders for the construction of the undersea tunnel on 23 April 2019.[84] A tender for works between Vadodara and Ahmedabad was floated in August 2019.[85] In January 2021, the NHSRC invited final bids for the construction of the Mumbai terminal.[86] The agency floated tenders for construction of the Sabarmati depot in August 2021.[87] The NHSRC reinvented tender for the underground HSR station at BKC grounds, Mumbai on 22 August 2022. It has also reinvented vendor for India's longest undersea tunnel of 21 km on 23 September 2022.

The NHSRC stated that construction work on the project would create 90,000 direct and indirect jobs, including more than 51,000 technician jobs.[88] The NHSRC announced that it had cast the first full height pier for the project near Vapi, Gujarat on 31 July 2021.[89]

A Full Span Launching Equipment-Straddle Carrier and Girder Transporter was deployed for use in the project in September 2021. The equipment was indigenously designed and manufactured at Larsen and Toubro's manufacturing facility in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu. Over 30 such machines will be used in the construction of the project.[90]

Infrastructure and operations

edit

Indian Railways proposes to operate two types of services on the corridor. A "Rapid Train" or express service with only two stops at Surat and Vadodara, and a slower service that stops at all stations. The "Rapid Train" would complete the journey in 2 hours and 7 minutes, while the slower service would take 2 hours and 58 minutes. In total, 70 daily services will be operated on the line, or 35 services in each direction with 3 services per hour during peak hours and 2 services per hour during off-peak hours. The Railways estimates that the high-speed rail corridor will have a daily ridership of around 36,000 in 2023.[91] Trains will operate between 6.00am and midnight.[92] Currently, a train journey from Mumbai to Ahmedabad takes 7 hours.[93] Courtesy to passengers in train rides will be emphasised, similar to the Japanese counterparts, such as train drivers greeting passenger with "Namaste" at the start and end of a railway trip.[94]

On 9 January 2017 at Vibrant Gujarat Summit, the Gujarat Government and the National High-Speed Rail Corporation Limited (NHSRC) signed an MoU worth ₹67,000 crore (US$8.0 billion) for component manufacturing for the high-speed rail corridor.[95] The Gujarat Government will bear 25% of the total project cost and provide land for the project.[96]

Detailed Operation Plan 1st Year 10th Year 20th Year 30th Year
Train configuration 10 10/16 16 16
Number of rakes 24 24+11 44 71
Number of trains (per day/one direction) 35 51 64 105
Train capacity 750 750/1250 1250 1250
Passenger seats (day/one direction) 17,900 31,700 56,800 92,900
Number of trains (per day/one direction) Peak Hour 3 4 6 8
Number of trains (per day/one direction) Off-peak 2 3 3 6

Rolling stock

edit

In July 2023, the NHSRC opened a tender for the supply of twenty-four enhanced E5 Series Shinkansen train-sets,[97][98] of which 6 were to be assembled in India.[99]

NHSRC had sought E5 train sets modified to operate under Indian weather. Trains in Japan can withstand temperatures of up to 35 degrees Celsius but the Indian trains will be able to operate at temperatures exceeding 50 degrees Celsius; this can be achieved with the use of special cooling systems and air conditioners. Fine mesh dust filters will be fitted on air conditioners, blowers, and other important equipment on the Indian high-speed trains to keep dust out. Another modification is the provision of extra space to store heavy luggage by removing a few seats from the last coach of each train.[100] Trains were proposed to have a length of between 10 and 16 coaches. Each train will have a passenger capacity of between 1,300 and 1,600 passengers. The system will be designed to operate trains at a maximum speed of 350 kilometres per hour (220 mph), while the operational speed would be 320 kilometres per hour (200 mph).[2][101] Trains will be equipped with multi-purpose rooms that contain foldable beds for feeding mothers and patients, and the rooms will also be fitted with mirrors and baggage racks.[102]

In June 2024, NHSRC placed a contract with the Chennai based Integral Coach Factory, for the design and manufacture of two standard gauge, 8 stainless-steel car, train-sets, capable of 220 km/h (135 mph) operation, with a possible maximum speed of 250 km/h (155 mph), and based on the Vande Bharat Express.[103][104] The Integral Coach Factory initiated a tender, to sub-contract the manufacture, on September 5, which was accepted by BEML Ltd on September 19. Railway sources estimate that the production of the two trains will take more than two years, at around ₹200 crore to ₹250 crore per train.[105][106][107]

In September 2024, the Hindustan Times reported that an order for the Shinkansen E5 trains would be placed by the end of the year.[2] NHSRC noted that the high-speed line would be used to test the "semi-high-speed trains" from Integral Coach Factory.[2]

Signaling and power

edit

Signalling equipment and power systems for the corridor will be imported from Japan, per the terms of the loan agreement with JICA.[108]

The NHSRC estimated that the corridor would consume around 110 crore units of electricity annually once operational. Consumption was expected to rise in 2033 when additional services are planned to be introduced. A total of 29 substations will supply electricity to the corridor. The NHSRC finalized the locations for the substations by January 2018 and approached power utility companies in Gujarat and Maharashtra to conduct joint surveys which were completed by April 2018.[109] The NHSRC acquired 39,540 square feet of land from the Godrej and Boyce Manufacturing Company at Vikhroli in May 2018 to construct the ventilation shaft and distribution and traction sub-stations for the corridor.[110][111]

Solar panels installed at the Sabarmati and Thane stations, at the High-Speed Rail Training Institute in Vadodara, and at the Sabarmati HSR Complex will generate solar power.[109]

Operator

edit

The National High-Speed Rail Corporation Limited (NHSRC) was registered under the Companies Act, 2013 on 12 February 2016.[112][113] The NHSRC is a special purpose vehicle responsible for the implementation of the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail project. In October 2016, the Indian Railways invited applications to fill key positions in the NHSRC.[114]

Fares

edit

The detailed project report proposed fares that would be 1.5 times that of a First-Class AC ticket on the Mumbai–Ahmedabad Duronto Express.[115] In September 2019, the NHSRC stated that the end-to-end fare on the corridor was expected to be ₹3,000 (US$36),[74] and the minimum fare would be ₹250 (US$3.00).[4]

Trains will have business and standard sections with 2x2 and 2x3 seating configurations respectively.[91] Unlike Japanese Shinkansen coaches, the last coach on Indian trains will have a few seats removed to make space to store check-in luggage. NHSRC Managing Director Achal Khare stated that Japanese passengers typically travel light but the modification was made to accommodate Indian passengers. The coaches have sufficient overhead space for hand baggage but not for heavy luggage. The NHSRC stated that it would charge passengers an additional fee for check-in luggage to discourage travellers from bringing too many pieces of heavy luggage. Passengers who travel with check-in luggage would be seated in the same coach in which check-in luggage is stored.[116]

Depots

edit

The corridor uses three depots at Sabarmati and Surat in Gujarat, and Thane in Maharashtra. The depots were designed based on the operations at Japan's Sendai and Kanazawa depots for Shinkansen. The Sabarmati depot is spread over an area of 80 hectares and serves as the main depot for the line. It also houses the operation control centre for the corridor. The Thane depot is spread over an area of 60 hectares. The Sabarmati and Thane depots contain washing plants, inspection bays, sheds, workshops, and stabling lines for regular maintenance of trains. The Surat depot is the smallest with an area of 44 hectares. It contains basic facilities for train maintenance.[117]

All depots contain reservoirs for rainwater harvesting and collected water is passed through treatment plants within the depot before being re-used for washing trainsets. Depots also have recharge pits for recharging water back into the earth. The Thane and Surat depots are also capable of recycling and reusing effluent and sewage water. Bio-waste from the trains is stored in tanks onboard and removed at depots, where it is then treated in sewage treatment plants.[117]

Stations

edit

The line will have 12 stations.[118] Stations are proposed for Mumbai, Thane, Virar, Boisar, Vapi, Bilimora, Surat, Bharuch, Vadodara, Anand/Nadiad(Kheda district), Ahmedabad and Sabarmati.[95] High speed rail stations will be constructed either above or next to existing railway stations to provide transfer with the Indian Railways network. The Director of the Railway Bureau of Japan's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism stated that "this makes construction extremely difficult".[26][119]

Structure of each station

edit
Platform format of each station (crossing lines omitted)
Wiring classification Platform 2 Arrival and Departure Line 4 Platform 2 Arrival and Departure Line + Passing Line Platform 2, arrival and departure lines + passing lines Platform 2, arrival and departure lines
Internal diagram        
Adoption site Thane, Surat, Vadodara,
Sabarmati 		Virar, Vapi, Bilimora,
Anand/Kheda 		Boisar, Bharuch Ahmedabad
Endpoint station platform form
Wiring classification Arrival and departure line on platform 3, platform 6
Internal diagram  
Adoption site Mumbai

Mumbai terminal

edit

The Indian Railways proposed making the proposed terminus at BKC as a three-storey underground station. However, the Maharashtra state government planned to construct the International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) at BKC on the same plot. JICA's report had cited the BKC plot as the most suitable location to build the Mumbai terminus.[120] In February 2016, the Railways and the state government came to an agreement to construct both projects at the BKC.[121] However, in April 2016, the state government refused to permit construction of the underground station at BKC, citing the lack of availability of land in the area for an underground station after the completion of the proposed IFSC and its multi-level underground car park. The state government also stated that IFSC would begin generating revenue for the government shortly, while the rail corridor was only expected to be completed by 2023. It instead suggested relocating the proposed BKC terminus to either Matunga or Kanjurmarg.[122] The issue was resolved in January 2017, when the Maharashtra Government and the MMRDA agreed to provide 5.4 hectares of land in BKC to construct a terminus.[123][124] Lines 2 and 3 of the Mumbai Metro will meet the HSR at BKC.[125]

Vadodara

edit

Platform 6 of the Vadodara Junction station will be used as the platform for the bullet train. The NHSRC will revamp the existing station to accommodate high-speed rail services. This will involve the removal of the reservation centre, section engineering office, water tank and railway police station located on the existing platform. The new station building will have a height of 20–22 metres and will be 40 metres in width. The design of the station is inspired by the banyan tree. The project requires the dismantling of platform 7. The largest girder on the high-speed rail corridor, measuring 220 metres in length, will be located at Vadodara station. The construction of the girder will require the dismantling of platform 7 of Vadodara Junction station which is used by trains arriving from Delhi.[126] To cope with the loss of the platform, the NHRSCL will build a new Chhayapuri as a satellite station.[127] Chhayapuri station was inaugurated in December 2019, paving the way for officials to go ahead with the dismantling of platform 7 at Vadodara Junction.[128]

Ahmedabad Terminal

edit

The Sabarmati station will serve as the high-speed rail terminal in Ahmedabad.[95] A new high speed rail terminal will be built on the eastern side of the station above the existing platforms 10, 11 and 12.[92] The Ahmedabad Metro will connect the HSR at Ahmedabad Junction (Kalupur station).[129]

Extensions

edit

Delhi–Ahmedabad HSR

edit

Main article: Delhi–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor

The Delhi-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail Corridor (DAHSR) and the Mumbai–Ahmedabad High-speed Rail Corridor (MAHSR) will together form the Delhi-Mumbai High-speed Rail Corridor (DMHSR).

DAHSR, which will be 886 km (551 mi) long, will pass through Delhi, Haryana (78.22 km (48.60 mi)), Rajasthan and Gujarat will be travelled within 3–4 hours, with a maximum speed of 350 km/h (220 mph) and an average speed of 250 km/h (160 mph). It will start from Dwarka Sector 21 in Delhi, run along the Dwarka Expressway till Gurugram, with its stop at Manesar, then along the Gurugram-Jaipur rail line to Rewari, and then along NH-48 to Jaipur till Sabarmati (the last stop of MAHSR).[130]

Project status

edit

Overview

edit
Work Progress
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024*
Land acquisition 1.4%[67] 45%[74] 64%[131] 78%[132] 99%[133] 99%[134] 100%[135]
Piling 0% 2.5%[136] 36%[137] 74%[138] 77.3%[139]
Piers 0% 2.5%[136] 25%[137] 57%[138] 75%[139]
Viaduct 0% 3.4%[137] 24%[138] 50.6%[139]
Tracks 0%

2017

edit
 
Prime ministers of India and Japan at the groundbreaking ceremony for the Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail project, at Ahmedabad.

In September 2017, the construction work was flagged off by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe and the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi in Ahmedabad. The E5 Series Shinkansen trains were slated to utilise the corridor at a maximum operational speed of 320 km/h (199 mph) and an average speed of 260 km/h (162 mph).[140]

2020

edit

With land acquisition issues and the COVID-19 pandemic, the project faced a setback and the construction works were thereby delayed. In July, about 60% of the required land was acquired and the rest was said to be on the verge of completion. Civil works tenders covering 68% corridor (345 km (214 mi) out of 508 km (316 mi), of 245 km (152 mi) 77% land in Gujarat, 80% in Dadra & Nagar Haveli and 22% in Maharashtra) and a separate tender for 28 steel bridges were allocated, with the remaining tendering process awarded later.[141] By the end of the year, the contract for a stretch of 88 km (55 mi), about 17% of the total length of 508 km (316 mi) was awarded.[142]

2021

edit

In February 2021, Larsen and Toubro (L&T) began the Pier Works, marking a major milestone of the project.[143] In May, L&T started pouring concrete to cast the first pier of the corridor.[144] In July, Railway Minister, Ashwini Vaishnaw reviewed the entire project. According to PTI report, out of the 74% of land acquired until this date, the majority of 96% fell in Gujarat, while only 25% fell in the state of Maharashtra. Besides, 96% of the land needed for the project in Dadra and Nagar Haveli had already been acquired.[145] In the following month, NHSRC invited bids for design, construction, installation, testing and commissioning of Sabarmati Depot that consisted of a workshop, inspection sheds, various buildings, maintenance facilities and associated works.[146] Later in August, NHSRC completed casting of the first full height (13.05 m (42.8 ft)) pier of corridor. The pier was cast with 183 cubic metres of concrete quantity and 18.820 MT of steel.[147]

On 10 September, L&T inaugurated the first indigenously designed and manufactured 'Full Span Launching Equipment-Straddle Carrier and Girder Transporter' to expedite the construction of viaduct for Mumbai- Ahmedabad High Speed Rail corridor.[148] On 29 September, it was announced the 50 km (31 mi) stretch from Surat to Bilimora would be operational by 2026, while the remainder of the Gujarat section was expected to be completed by 2024.[149] In October, the joint venture of IRCON International and DRA Infracon won package C7 on 4 October, comprising a viaduct between Anand and Sabarmati, including 2 HSR stations at Sabarmati and Ahmedabad.[150][151][152][153] NHSRC then invited the bids for the tunnelling work on 21 kilometres underground, including a 7 kilometre long undersea tunnel on 30 October.[154]

In November, the casting of 970-tonne full span pre-stressed concrete (PSC) box girder began near Naslipore village, Navsari district, Gujarat.[155] NHSRC then erected the first full span 40 m (130 ft) box girder of the corridor, near Navsari.[136] By the end of the year, NHSRC had acquired 40.39% of the total land required for the project in Maharashtra. It was said that the construction work would not commence until 80-90% of the land was acquired.[156] While in the case of Gujarat, 98.5% of the land was acquired.[157]

2022

edit

On 21 January 2022, the first track contract was signed by NHSRC with contractor IRCON International to design, supply and construct the tracks. Two Japanese companies, Japanese Railway Track Consultants (JRTC) and Japanese Railway Technical Service (JARTS) were set to work closely with IRCON. This contract covered about 47% of the total length of the project starting from Maharashtra-Gujarat Border to Vadodara in Gujarat.[158] In February, NHSRC awarded the final civil contract worth ₹ 2,460.88 crores for L&T to design and develop 8 km (5.0 mi) of the viaduct and a station in Vadodara, marking the successful awarding of 100% civil contracts for the construction of alignments in Gujarat, including eight stations and two rolling stock depots at Sabarmati and Surat respectively.[159] By June, around 90.3% of the total required land (98.78% of the land required in Gujarat, and 71.49% in Maharashtra) had been acquired. The first train was expected to run, on a 51 km (32 mi) section, between Surat and Bilimora, in 2026.[160][161] In July, JICA signed a loan agreement worth ₹6000 Crores with the Government of India as an ODA loan for the project.[162]

2023

edit

In January, the first of the 50 m long rail level slabs had been placed at Surat station.[163] Later in April, the first rail tunnel of the project near Valsad was under construction; 67 metres of this 350-metre-long tunnel had been excavated.[164] On 18 August 2023, NHSRC announced the successful completion of the bridge over the Auranga river in Valsad district. 80 km (50 mi) of viaducts were then completed.[165] On 2 October, a new track-slab manufacturing facility, for the production of track-slabs required for the construction of ballastless track works for the corridor, was commissioned near Anand, Gujarat. The fully automated facility would produce track slabs for 116 km (72 mi) of the double-line high-speed rail track for the corridor. The facility, spanning an area of 100,000 square metres, will produce 45,000 precast track slabs for the project.[166] 91 km (57 mi) of viaduct were completed at a rate of 2 km (1.2 mi) of viaducts per week. Later on 6 October, NHSRC had successfully erected the first steel bridge, measuring 70 m (230 ft), over National Highway 53 in Surat in Gujarat; this bridge was the first among the 28 steel bridges planned for the corridor.[167]

2024

edit

On 8 January, the land acquisition for the entire corridor was completed.[168] On 16 January, L&T was awarded package no. EW-1 of the project, which involves electrification works across its entire 508 kilometres (316 mi) length. The scope of this package includes commissioning a 2 x 25 kV overhead electrification system to enable the line's trains to operate up to speeds of up to 320 km/hour, and also designing and commissioning traction substations, switching substations, distribution systems, associated buildings, and training institute equipment for the entire corridor and 3 depots located in Thane, Surat and Sabarmati.[169]

On 19 April, NHSRC completed 300 km of pier work on the bullet train corridor.[170]

As of July 2024, work began on the 7 km undersea tunnel section across Thane Creek and 194 km of viaduct construction had been completed. [171]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ under construction; operational till Bharuch, as of December 2024.

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Aulakh, Gulveen (14 March 2023). "India's bullet train to run by August 2026: Ashwini Vaishnaw". Mint. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d Rao, Shashank (22 September 2024). "First bullet train will arrive from Japan in 2 years". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  3. ^ "JICA presents draft report on bullet train project to joint committee". timesofindia-economictimes. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Bullet train work to start in Mar-Apr next year". Deccan Herald. 10 August 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  5. ^ "L&T Begins Pier Work for Mumbai - Ahmedabad Bullet Train". The Metro Rail Guy. 10 February 2021. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  6. ^ Thakur, Raghav (10 September 2012). "Indian high-speed project moves forward". www.railjournal.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  7. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ^ "Extend high-speed corridor up to Bangalore". The Times of India. 12 January 2012. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  9. ^ a b c "Press Information Bureau". Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  10. ^ "Pune–Mumbai section dropped from high-speed rail corridor plan". Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  11. ^ "India, Japan sign MoU for a feasibility study for a high-speed railway system in India". 9 October 2013. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  12. ^ DVV Media UK. "Feasibility study for Mumbai – Ahmedabad high-speed line agreed". Railway Gazette. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  13. ^ ANI (25 January 2014). "India, Japan discuss possiblity [sic] to implement High Speed Railways system in India". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  14. ^ "Government readying to open up some railway segments to FDI". Daily News & Analysis. 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  15. ^ a b c "Mumbai–Ahmedabad high speed corridor proposed via Thane". The Times of India. 26 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  16. ^ "Railways planning 320 kmph BKC-Ahmedabad corridor". mid-day. 27 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  17. ^ Thakur, Raghav (28 May 2014). "New Indian government to push ahead with high-speed projects". Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  18. ^ Press Trust of India (8 January 2016). "Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train May Run On Elevated Corridor". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  19. ^ "India:Japan system best for its high-speed train". NHK WORLD News. 20 July 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  20. ^ a b "Mum-Ahmedabad rail corridor to be fully elevated, says Rajen Gohain". dna. 17 March 2017. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  21. ^ DVV Media UK. "India and Japan sign high-speed rail memorandum". Railway Gazette. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  22. ^ "Railways fast-tracks Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train project, sets up separate company". The Times of India. 4 January 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  23. ^ "Railways forms Special Purpose Vehicle to execute Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train project". dna. 7 March 2016. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  24. ^ a b c "National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited". National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  25. ^ "JICA inks pact for Mumbai–Ahmedabad high speed rail project". The Economic Times. 21 December 2016. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  26. ^ a b Yamada, Gp (17 March 2017). "India's first bullet train project gets going". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  27. ^ "First build safe animal passages, then lay bullet train lines: Wildlife board". Hindustan Times. 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  28. ^ "MoEF cleared plan to cut 53,467 mangrove trees, Bombay high court told". Hindustan Times. 9 April 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  29. ^ "Bullet Train to ride, but govt includes riders". DNA India. 1 April 2019. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  30. ^ "Clearance for mangroves to be hacked for Bullet train". The Times of India. 9 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  31. ^ "21,000 mangroves spared the axe after a tweak in the design of bullet train station". The Times of India. 30 June 2019. Archived from the original on 21 October 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  32. ^ "80% designing of bullet train bridges, tunnels done: Official". The Economic Times. 26 March 2018. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  33. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train work on fast-track! Check projected fare, trips and more". Times Now. 17 September 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  34. ^ a b "Railways to use hi-tech survey for high-speed train corridor". The Times of India. 13 February 2017. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  35. ^ a b "Ride under the sea! Drilling the 7-km route of undersea bullet train project at full swing". The Economic Times. 19 February 2017. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  36. ^ Patra, Sagar (10 April 2017). "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train to get its first underground station at Bandra Kurla Complex". India.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  37. ^ Barman, Arijit (11 September 2017). "Sanjeev Sinha named adviser for Rs 1.1 lakh crore bullet train project". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
  38. ^ Mitter, Sohini (21 February 2017). "India is getting an undersea bullet train". Mashable. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  39. ^ "Railways To Invest Rs 9,800 Crore In Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train Project". indiatimes.com. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  40. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train loan: State not keen to be guarantor". The Times of India. 21 January 2017. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  41. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (14 December 2015). "Japan's $12 billion 'Make in India' fund to push investments". timesofindia-economictimes. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  42. ^ "Railways to invest Rs 9,800 crore on Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train". News18. 15 February 2016. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  43. ^ Chauhan, Ashish (11 April 2016). "Elevated tracks can cut the land need for high speed rail". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  44. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train May Run On Elevated Corridor". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  45. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet train project to be completed by 2023: Piyush Goyal". Mint. 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  46. ^ Dash, Dipak K (30 July 2022). "Delays escalate bullet train cost to Rs 1.6 lakh crore". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
  47. ^ "JICA extends ODA Loan of JPY 100 billion for Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail Project (III) | India | Countries & Regions | JICA". www.jica.go.jp. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  48. ^ a b www.ETEnergyworld.com. "Bullet train project: JICA provides Rs 5,500 crore loan - ET EnergyWorld". ETEnergyworld.com. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  49. ^ Naresh, Nitin (24 March 2023). "India And Japan Agree On A Fourth Financing Tranche For A Bullet Train Project. - InventivaIndia And Japan Agree On A Fourth Financing Tranche For A Bullet Train Project". Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  50. ^ "JICA extends ODA loan of INR 18,750 crores for Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail Project (IV) | India | Countries & Regions | JICA". www.jica.go.jp. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  51. ^ "Signing of Japanese ODA Loan Agreements with India: Contributing to both social development and economic growth as a good partner of India ｜ News & Media - JICA". www.jica.go.jp. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  52. ^ "Bullet train surveys, to begin with BKC plot". dna. 28 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  53. ^ Mishra, Kamal (25 February 2017). "Bullet train's first hurdle: BMC demands Rs 2 lakh for each borehole dug for project". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  54. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed link: Railways plan aerial survey". The Times of India. 13 February 2017. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  55. ^ "Soil test for bullet train begins near Thane". The Times of India. 28 February 2017. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  56. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train plans accelerated, impact surveys to be conducted soon". Hindustan Times. 10 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  57. ^ The Hindu Net Desk (14 September 2017). "Japan is committed to 'Make in India,' says Abe". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  58. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train to start a year earlier, work set to begin in June". The Times of India. 14 February 2018. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  59. ^ "MNS workers in Thane disrupt land survey for Mumbai–Ahm'bad bullet train project". Hindustan Times. 7 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  60. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train: 8 MNS workers arrested for disrupting survey". Hindustan Times. 9 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  61. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train: Land acquisition to take six months". dna. 5 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  62. ^ "'2022 was never a deadline for bullet train project': Piyush Goyal". Hindustan Times. 6 July 2019. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  63. ^ "We've to rethink bullet train project, it's the white elephant: CM Uddhav Thackeray". Deccan Herald. 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  64. ^ "Shiv Sena-led Thane Municipal Corporation rejects land transfer proposal for Bullet train". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  65. ^ MumbaiDecember 16, Mustafa Shaikh (16 December 2020). "Shiv Sena hits out at BJP over bullet train project". India Today. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  66. ^ Phadke, Manasi (18 December 2020). "Now, Uddhav govt targets Modi's bullet train project land for Mumbai Metro shed". The Print. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  67. ^ a b "Till October 18, just 1.46% of land for bullet train was acquired". The Times of India. 5 January 2019. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  68. ^ Shaikh, Mustafa (16 January 2019). "61 Maharashtra villages agree to give land for bullet train project: Officials". India Today. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
  69. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train project: Land acquisition sluggish, may take 7 more months". The Indian Express. 30 January 2019. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  70. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train project on fast track". Deccan Herald. 28 May 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  71. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train project status: Jobs to land acquisition, here's what reports say". Zee Business. 22 June 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  72. ^ "Only 39% of land needed for ambitious Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train project acquired". Mumbai Mirror. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  73. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train: India's first high-speed rail project to be financially viable?". The Financial Express. 2 August 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  74. ^ a b c d "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train fare to be around ₹3,000". Mint. 12 September 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  75. ^ NETWORK, LIVELAW NEWS (20 September 2019). "Gujarat HC Dismisses Farmers' Challenge Against Land Acquisition For Bullet Train Project". www.livelaw.in. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  76. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train: Over 120 pleas against land acquisition for high-speed rail project dismissed". The Financial Express. 20 September 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  77. ^ "Ahmedabad–Mumbai bullet train: 47 per cent land acquired for PM Modi's ambitious project". Ahmedabad Mirror. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  78. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train to miss 2023 deadline on land delay in Maharashtra: Piyush Goyal". Business Today. 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  79. ^ "Expedite land acquisition for Mumbai to Ahmedabad bullet train: BJP minister". Hindustan Times. 8 September 2021. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  80. ^ "89% of the land needed for bullet train project acquired: Rly minister tells LS". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 23 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  81. ^ "Major boost for Bullet Train project! 100% land acquisition completed in Maharashtra". Times Now. 9 February 2023. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  82. ^ "Ahmedabad-Mumbai bullet train project of national importance: HC dismisses Godrej & Boyce plea against land acquisition". The Indian Express. 9 February 2023. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  83. ^ "L & T; wins 15,697 cr civil contract package C3 of Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train project". Metro Rail Today. 16 June 2023. Archived from the original on 25 June 2023.
  84. ^ Rupera, Prashant (25 April 2019). "Bullet train: Bids invited for India's first undersea tunnel". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  85. ^ "NHSRCL floats third tender for Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train project". cnbctv18.com. August 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  86. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train project runs into snag due to land acquisition issues". Hindustan Times. 3 June 2021. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  87. ^ "Tender floated for construction of largest bullet train depot in Sabarmati, Gujarat". Urban Transport News. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  88. ^ "Construction of Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train corridor to create 90,000 jobs: National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited". Hindustan Times. 18 September 2020. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  89. ^ "Big update on Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train Project: NHSRCL casts first full-height pier near Vapi – details here". The Financial Express. 2 August 2021. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  90. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train: Railways launch equipment to build HSR corridor". mint. 10 September 2021. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  91. ^ a b "BKC to Thane in 10 minutes!". Mumbai Mirror. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  92. ^ a b "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train to have 12 stations: Details here". Mint. 14 September 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  93. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train work to start in 2017". Hindustan Times. 26 October 2016. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  94. ^ "From tech to staff courtesy, India to run bullet trains just the way the Japanese do". India Today. 4 December 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  95. ^ a b c "Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit: Rs 67,000 crore MoU on anvil for Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train". The Times of India. 8 January 2017. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  96. ^ "Gujarat govt signs Rs 67k cr MoU for Ahmedabad–Mumbai bullet train project". Business Standard India. 12 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  97. ^ "Bids invited for 24 trainsets worth Rs 11,000 crore as govt plans to run first bullet train in 2027". The Times of India. 6 July 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  98. ^ "Bullet train in India: This Shinkansen E5 Japanese high-speed train is coming to India; check stunning pics". The Financial Express. 14 September 2017. Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  99. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train project: 24 high-speed E5 Shinkansen tech train sets to be procured from Japan". The Financial Express. 29 June 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  100. ^ "Bullet trains to be customised for India's heat, dust". Hindustan Times. 29 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  101. ^ "dna special: Bullet train could bring in as much as a windfall as city's suburban network- Officials". dna. 29 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  102. ^ "India's first bullet train between Mumbai–Ahmedabad to have special rooms with foldable beds & more! Watch video". The Financial Express. 8 May 2019. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  103. ^ Mishra, Twesh (6 June 2024). "'Made in India' bullet trains with top speed of 250 kmph in making". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
  104. ^ "India's first indigenous bullet train set to roll by 2026". India Today. 16 October 2024. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  105. ^ Rao, Shashank (22 September 2024). "First bullet train will arrive from Japan in 2 years". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  106. ^ Law, Abhishek (15 September 2024). "ICF, BEML set out to develop high-speed trains". BusinessLine. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  107. ^ Haidar, Maitri Porecha & Suhasini (30 September 2024). "Railway Minister visits Japan to resolve bullet train issues ahead of Modi visit this year". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  108. ^ "Gujarat signs MoU for Mumbai –Ahmedabad Bullet train project". India Live Today. 14 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  109. ^ a b "Bullet train will consume 40% more power than Delhi Metro". Hindustan Times. 13 January 2019. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  110. ^ "Bullet train project: NHSRCL accepts alternative plot from Godrej group instead of prime land in Vikhroli". The Indian Express. 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  111. ^ "Bullet train project: Bombay HC clears decks for acquiring Vikhroli plot". Hindustan Times. 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  112. ^ "About Us". National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited. 29 June 2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  113. ^ "Finally, ministry to fill bullet train nodal firm's top posts". dna. 18 September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  114. ^ Sood, Jyotika (20 September 2016). "Bullet train: Indian Railways begins hunt for top management". Livemint. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  115. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train tickets could cost between Rs 250 and Rs 3,000". Hindustan Times. 13 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  116. ^ "India's first Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train to charge passengers for carrying extra baggage! Details here". The Financial Express. 15 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  117. ^ a b "Wonderful step! Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train depots to have reservoirs to store water for trains maintenance". The Financial Express. 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  118. ^ "Relation: Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor (8304354)". OpenStreetMap. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  119. ^ "Latest On Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train: 70 Daily Rides, 7 Kms [sic] Under Sea". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  120. ^ "Maharashtra: State, Railways on collision course over bullet train". dna. 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  121. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet tradsadin picks up speed". mid-day. 21 February 2016. Archived from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  122. ^ "dna exclusive: Fadnavis wants proposed bullet train terminal shifted from BKC". dna. 15 April 2016. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  123. ^ Jog, Sanjay (11 January 2017). "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train finds a home at BKC". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  124. ^ "Mumbai to finally get first bullet train in the city". mid-day. 11 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  125. ^ Thakkar, Mehul R (14 April 2018). "BKC Metro lines to meet at Bullet train terminal". DNA. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  126. ^ "Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train project: Construction work on swanky Vadodara railway station to begin soon". The Financial Express. 14 December 2018. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  127. ^ "Design for Chhayapuri satellite station finalised". The Times of India. 21 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  128. ^ "Vadodara: Chhayapuri railway station inaugurated". The Indian Express. 15 December 2019. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  129. ^ Kaushik, Himanshu (9 October 2020). "Ahmedabad: Kalupur to morph into a triple station". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  130. ^ Delhi-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor to pass through Gurugram, Social News, 20 July 2021.
  131. ^ "Can India get its first bullet train by 2023? | An RTI story". India Today. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  132. ^ "Why the bullet train project has moved at slow speed". The Times of India. 30 December 2021. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  133. ^ "More than 98% land acquired for bullet train project in Maharashtra: Railway ministry". The Times of India. 19 December 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  134. ^ www.ETInfra.com. "Launch of work for the first undersea tunnel for bullet train: NHSRCL - ET Infra". ETInfra.com. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  135. ^ "India's bullet train dream inches closer: 100% Land acquired for Ahmedabad-Mumbai bullet train project". The Economic Times. 9 January 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  136. ^ a b c "For India's Bullet Train, First Full-Span Box Girder Erected To Speed Up Project". NDTV.com. 25 November 2021. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  137. ^ a b c @RailMinIndia (19 December 2022). "Bullet Train Progress (as on 13.12.22)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  138. ^ a b c Siddharatha (22 December 2023). "Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail Corridor Progresses with Major Achievements". News Station, Latest News, Samachar, Indian Railways, News. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  139. ^ a b c "NHSRCL Nov 2024 Update". nhsrcl.in.
  140. ^ "Japan Is Selling Bullet Trains to India". Bloomberg News. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  141. ^ Railways' two big ticket projects DFC, bullet train on track despite lockdown: Railway Board Chairman VK Yadav Archived 25 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Economic Times, 6 June 2020.
  142. ^ Agarwal, Anshu (2 November 2020). "L&T lowest bidder for 88-km viaduct of bullet train project, set to get Rs 7289-cr contract". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  143. ^ "L&T Begins Pier Work for Mumbai - Ahmedabad Bullet Train". The Metro Rail Guy. 10 February 2021. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  144. ^ "L&T Begins Casting 1st Pier for Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train". 6 May 2021. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  145. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train: Ashwini Vaishnaw reviews the status of India's 1st high-speed railway project". Financial express. 12 June 2021. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  146. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train: NHSRCL invites bids for Sabarmati depot construction". NDTV. 29 July 2019. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  147. ^ "NHSRCL casts first full height pier on Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor". India Today. 2 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  148. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train: Railways launch equipment to build HSR corridor". Live Mint. 10 September 2021. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  149. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train to miss deadline, 1st phase between Surat-Bilimora to open in 2026". Hindustan Times. 29 September 2021. Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  150. ^ "IRCON-DRA Infracon JV wins Mumbai–Ahmedabad HSR's package C7". The Metro Rail Guy. 5 October 2021. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  151. ^ "IRCON led consortium wins Rs 3,429 cr contract for Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train project". Urban Transport News. 5 October 2021. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  152. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train: IRCON-Dineshchandra R. Agrawal (JV) to construct viaduct between Anand & Sabarmati". Live Mint. 5 October 2021. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  153. ^ "JV between Railway's construction arm & Gujarat based firm frontrunner to bag project linked to bullet train". Outlook India. 4 October 2021. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  154. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail: Bids invited for tunnel construction under India's first Bullet Train project - The Financial Express". www.financialexpress.com. 30 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  155. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail: Casting of 970-tonne box girder launched for India's 1st Bullet Train project - The Financial Express". www.financialexpress.com. 2 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  156. ^ "NHSRCL acquires 40.39% land in Maharashtra for Mumbai – Ahmedabad train corridor". Hindustan Times. 13 December 2021. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  157. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail Corridor: 98.5% Gujarat land acquired, Maharashtra lags at 44%". Free Press Journal. 26 December 2021. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  158. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail Project Track package contract signed between NHSRCL and IRCON international". Freepress Journal. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  159. ^ "NHSRCL awards Rs 2,500 cr contract for the viaduct, bullet train station to L&T". Business Today. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  160. ^ "Over 90% land acquired for Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet train project: NHSRCL". The Economic Times. 6 June 2022. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  161. ^ Jha, Srinand (13 April 2022). "Focus moves to Gujarat section of Mumbai - Ahmedabad high-speed line". International Railway Journal. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  162. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train gets Rs 6,000 crore ODA loan from Japan". Deccan Herald. 25 July 2022. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  163. ^ "Works of first river bridge on bullet train corridor gain momentum". Hindustan Times. 25 January 2023. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  164. ^ "ઝરોલી ગામની ગુજરાતમાં એક નવી ઓળખ: ગુજરાતમાં પ્રથમવાર ડુંગરમાં બની રહી છે બુલેટ ટ્રેન માટે ટનલ". Divya Bhaskar. 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  165. ^ "NHSRCL completes another bridge construction work for Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train project". The Times of India. 18 August 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  166. ^ "Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train Project: NHSRCL opens facility in Gujarat to manufacture ballastless track". Financialexpress. 2 October 2023. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  167. ^ "NHSRCL erects first steel bridge for Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail Corridor". The Times of India. 6 October 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  168. ^ "100 per cent land acquisition completed for Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train project: NHSRCL". The New Indian Express. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  169. ^ "L&T Construction's Railway Business Group awarded (Mega*) order to build Electrification System Works for the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail Project". larsentoubro.com. Larsen & Toubro. 16 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  170. ^ "India's 1st Bullet Train: Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail Corridor achieves another milestone! Check latest update". ET NOW. 19 April 2024. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  171. ^ "Bullet Train Project: NHSRCL begins construction work on 7-km undersea rail tunnel – Check Mumbai station construction details here". Financialexpress. 17 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Mumbai–Ahmedabad_high-speed_rail_corridor&oldid=1263784296"