Monorhaphis is a monotypic genus of siliceous deep sea Hexactinellid sponges. The single species is the type species Monorhaphis chuni, a sponge known for creating a single giant basal spicule (G.B.S.) to anchor the sponge in the sediments. The species was described by Franz Eilhard Schulze in 1904 from specimens collected by the German Deep Sea Expedition in 1898–1899.[2] Monorhaphis is also the only genus in the monotypic family Monorhaphididae.
| Monorhaphididae chuni | |
|---|---|
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| Two black and white photographs of M. chuni | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Hexactinellida |
| Order: | Amphidiscosida |
| Family: | Monorhaphididae Iijima, 1927 |
| Genus: | Monorhaphis Schulze, 1904 |
| Species: | M. chuni
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| Binomial name | |
| Monorhaphis chuni Schulze, 1904
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Species synonymy
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One study provides substantial evidence that an individual of this deep-sea sponge, that forms giant spicules up to 3 meters long, is about 11,000 years old.[3]
Five other individuals collected from depths of 1,100 to 2,100 meters at three widely separated locations in the western Pacific Ocean were estimated to be 6,000 to 18,000 (±1,000) years old and grew radially at about 140 μm per 1,000 years.[4] Early growth of the giant spicule is bidirectional, and then unidirectional towards the apex.[5] The samples were shown to record deep ocean silica geochemistry throughout their lives.
References
edit- ^ Van Soest RW, Boury-Esnault N, Hooper JN, Rützler K, de Voogd NJ, de Glasby BA, et al. (eds.). "Monorhaphis chuni Schulze, 1904". World Porifera database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
- ^ Xiaohong W, Schröder, Müller E (2009). "Giant Siliceous Spicules from the Deep-sea Glass Sponge Monorhaphis chuni". In Jeon KW (ed.). International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology. Vol. 273. London: Academic. pp. 69–115. ISBN 978-0-12-374804-1.
- ^ Jochum KP, Wang X, Vennemann TW, Sinha B, Müller WE (March 2012). "Siliceous deep-sea sponge Monorhaphis chuni: a potential paleoclimate archive in ancient animals". Chemical Geology. 300: 143–151. Bibcode:2012ChGeo.300..143J. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.01.009.
- ^ Jochum KP, Schuessler JA, Wang XH (2017). "Whole-Ocean Changes in Silica and Ge/Si Ratios During the Last Deglacial Deduced From Long-Lived Giant Glass Sponges". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (22): 11, 555–11, 564. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..4411555J. doi:10.1002/2017GL073897.
- ^ Pisera A, Łukowiak M, Masse S, Tabachnick K, Fromont J, Ehrlich H, et al. (November 2021). "Insights into the structure and morphogenesis of the giant basal spicule of the glass sponge Monorhaphis chuni". Frontiers in Zoology. 18 (1): 58. doi:10.1186/s12983-021-00440-x. PMC 8576975. PMID 34749755.
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