Miguel Osvaldo Etchecolatz (1 May 1929 – 2 July 2022)[1] was an Argentine police officer, who worked in the Buenos Aires Provincial Police during the first years of the military dictatorship of the 1970s, known as the National Reorganization Process (El proceso), which Etchecolatz was deeply involved in. He was first convicted of crimes committed during this period in 1986; the full stop law, which passed that year and created amnesty for security officers, meant that he was released without a sentence. In 2003, Congress repealed the law and the government re-opened prosecution of crimes committed during the Dirty War.
Miguel Etchecolatz | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 1 May 1929 Argentina |
| Died | 2 July 2022 (aged 93) Buenos Aires, Argentina |
| Occupation | Senior Argentine police officer |
| Criminal status | Deceased |
| Criminal charge | Homicide, torture, kidnapping |
| Penalty | Life imprisonment |
In 2004, Etchecolatz was one of the first two officials convicted and sentenced for child abduction: taking a child from "disappeared" parents, passing it on for adoption by officials of the regime, and hiding the child's true identity. He and Jorge Berges were each sentenced to seven years.[2] He was also deemed responsible of the "Night of the Pencils", where 10 high-school students were abducted by security forces in the city of La Plata near Buenos Aires in September 1976. Six of the 10 were "forcibly disappeared", with their fate remaining unknown. The four survivors said they were tortured.[3]
For his actions in the Provincial Police during El proceso, in 2006 he was tried, convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, on numerous charges of homicide, illegal deprivation of freedom (kidnapping), and torture. The tribunal in passing the sentence said that Etchecolatz's crimes were "crimes against humanity in the context of the genocide that took place in Argentina".[4][5] This was the first time that the term "genocide" had been used to characterize the crimes committed against political prisoners during the Dirty War.[4][5]
The term "Dirty War" refers to the widespread state terrorism and atrocities committed under the military dictatorship of Argentina during 1976 to 1983. A military junta was established, led by General Jorge Rafael Videla, after a coup d'état against President Isabel Perón. During the military rule, tens of thousands of political dissidents were killed or "forcibly disappeared".[6]
During the dictatorship
editEtchecolatz served as Commissioner General of Police, directly reporting to Police Chief Ramón Camps. He served as Director of Investigations of the Buenos Aires provincial police from March 1976 until late 1977. During his period in office, Buenos Aires Province had the highest number of illegal detentions in the country. Etchecolatz was second in command during the "Night of the Pencils", when several high school students were detained and tortured, and some murdered.[7]
Return to democracy
editIn 1983, democratic rule was restored in Argentina. The Trial of Juntas began in 1985, and numerous top figures were prosecuted, including General Ramón Camps, who was convicted and sentenced to life. In a 1986 trial, Etchecolatz was convicted and sentenced to 23 years for several counts of illegal detention and forced disappearances.[3] He was spared a prison sentence because that year Congress passed the "Full Stop Law" (Ley de Punto Final) and the "Law of Due Obedience", which halted prosecution of officers for crimes committed during the Dirty War.[8]
After his release, Etchecolatz wrote a book defending his actions, called La otra campaña del Nunca Más (The Other Never Again Campaign). The title referred to Nunca Más (Never Again), the report produced by the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons, which had heard testimony about the disappeared and survivors of state terror. Jorge and Marcelo Gristelli, owners of a Catholic publishing house, released the book in 1998 at the Buenos Aires International Book Fair.[9]
In his book, Etchecolatz stated: "I never had, or thought to have, or was haunted by, any sense of blame. For having killed? I was the executor of a law made by man. I was the keeper of divine precepts. And I would do it again."[6] In 2001, the Gristellis were seen shielding Etchecolatz as he left court in Buenos Aires; they reportedly used violence against left-wing demonstrators who allegedly confronted and insulted the former police officer.[6]
Etchecolatz also faced civil trials, which were outside the purview of the Pardon Laws (these had covered acts that were committed in the context of military or police procedure). In 2004, both he and Jorge Berges were convicted and sentenced to seven years in prison for the abduction of a "disappeared" couple's child, handing it on for illegal adoption, and the suppression of the child's true identity.[2] They were the first officials convicted for "baby snatching", but estimates are that 400 children were taken from political prisoners. Seventy-seven have had their identities restored to them.[2]
He was imprisoned in Villa Devoto in 2004 and 2005. He was later allowed to continue the sentence under house arrest due to his advanced age (over 70 years old at the time). Although Etchecolatz's lawyers claimed he had a terminal illness, after police found a firearm in his home in 2006 in violation of the terms of house arrest, he was transferred to the Marcos Paz prison.[10][11]
The 2006 trial
editIn 2003, Congress repealed the 1986 "Pardon Laws" (Ley de Punto Final), and re-opened investigation and prosecution of crimes committed during the Dirty War. Human rights activists said that potentially hundreds of people could be brought to trial. Etchecolatz was the first official of that era to be prosecuted.[12]
Beginning in June 2006, he was tried for human rights abuses, in a case that drew international attention. On 19 September 2006, he was found guilty of the detention and torture of Jorge López and Nilda Eloy, and the homicides of Ambrosio Francisco De Marco, Patricia Graciela Dell'Orto, Diana Teruggi de Mariani, Elena Arce Sahores, Nora Livia Formiga and Margarita Delgado.[4]
In passing sentence, the tribunal said that Etchecolatz's crimes were "crimes against humanity in the context of the genocide that took place in Argentina".[4][5] It was the first time that the term genocide was used in Argentine trials to characterize the crimes committed against political prisoners, and the court explained its reasoning.[4](See footnote quote in Lead)[5]
Together with Police Chief Ramón Camps, Etchecolatz is believed to have operated at least eight clandestine detention centres in La Plata, Quilmes, Banfield, and Martínez.[4] More than 100 witnesses were called, including former president Raúl Alfonsín (1983–1989), under whose administration the Pardon Laws were passed in 1986.[12][13][14][4]
Etchecolatz criticized the procedures of the trial as biased and the judges as obedient to other powers. He said he was "an old man who is ill, with no money and no power", and "a part of a war that we [won] with the arms and that we're losing politically." He refused to acknowledge the authority of the judges, telling them "You are not the judge. The supreme judge awaits us after death. [...] It's not this tribunal that sentences me, it's you." The last thing he said before hearing the sentence was to claim he was "a prisoner of war" and "a political prisoner".[4]
Political intimidation
editDisappearance of Jorge Julio López
editBefore Etchecolatz was sentenced, Jorge Julio López, who was among those illegally detained and who testified in the trial, was reported as missing and feared "disappeared". He was seen for the last time on 17 September 2006.[4] The provincial government offered a 200,000 peso (US$ 64,000) reward for information on his whereabouts. López, a 77-year-old retired mason with Parkinson's disease, was initially thought to have suffered post-traumatic stress disorder after re-living his ordeal during the trial, or chosen to hide after being threatened. But, after a few days, the theory that he had been kidnapped gained support among the authorities.[15]
Buenos Aires Governor Felipe Solá stated that López "could be the first desaparecido since the years of state terrorism", and that this could be intended "to intimidate future witnesses or block their participation in other trials". President Néstor Kirchner warned, "The past is not defeated... [But] we cannot go back to that past".[15] Human and civil rights organizations allege that active and retired provincial police personnel took part in the kidnapping of López, to intimidate other witnesses and impede future trials.[15][16]
On 6 October 2006, a demonstration of tens of thousands at the Plaza de Mayo, demanded López be found.[17][18][19]
Suspicions about the cause of López's disappearance were strengthened in 2014, when Etchecolatz and 14 others were convicted in a trial addressing crimes committed at the 'La Cacha' clandestine detention centre, the place where, among others, Laura Carlotto, the daughter of the head of the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, Estela de Carlotto, was held. As the judge handed down sentences, Etchecolatz took a piece of paper and wrote on it: "Jorge Julio López." The moment was captured by photographers and when the images were inspected, the other side of the piece of paper could also be read. It said the missing person's name, again, along with the addition of one other word: "Kidnap."[20]
Threats to judges
editOn 27 September 2006, judge Carlos Rozanski, president of the court that sentenced Etchecolatz, confirmed he received a long letter that claimed judges were being pressured by the national government and denounced those who "from the offices of power do not look for justice but for revenge against those who defended the Nation."[21] The letter was signed by the self-styled Third International Congress of Victims of Terrorism – Barcelona – Spain. The official Third International Congress of Terror Victims, denied any involvement. Three trial judges also received threatening telephone calls.[21]
The same letter was received by Santa Fe federal judge Reinaldo Rodríguez and by several federal prosecutors. The text was "well-written" and correctly addressed, and contained covert threats, pointing out that the senders "are bound, as citizens, to monitor that [judicial officials] fulfill their functions", and that "this farce will end soon, and those who have not honored their posts will be accountable to a particularly impartial court".[21][22]
See also
editReferences and notes
edit- ^ "Murió el genocida Miguel Etchecolatz" [The genocidal Miguel Etchecolatz died] (in Spanish). América. 2 July 2022. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ a b c "Argentines jailed for baby theft". BBC News. 30 March 2004. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023.
- ^ a b "Argentina Dirty War: Killer Etchecolatz gets house arrest". BBC News. 28 December 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Condenaron a Etchecolatz a reclusión perpetua" [Etchecolatz sentenced to life imprisonment]. La Nación (in Spanish). 19 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012.
- ^ a b c d Klein, Naomi (2007). The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Macmillan. pp. 100–102. ISBN 978-0-8050-7983-8.
The presiding member of the court, Carlos Rozanski, described the offences as part of a systematic attack intended to destroy parts of society that the victims represented and as such they constituted genocide. Rozanski noted that the International Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) does not include in its list of offences the elimination of political groups (that category was removed at the behest of Stalin), but the court based its decision on the 11 December 1946 United Nations General Assembly Resolution, unanimously adopted by member-nations, barring acts of genocide 'when racial, religious, political and other groups have been destroyed, entirely or in part', adding that the court considered the original UN definition to be more legitimate than the politically compromised CPPCG definition.
- ^ a b c "Hermanos de palos y libros" [Brothers of sticks and books]. Clarín (in Spanish). 10 April 2001. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008.
- ^ "Etchecolatz". Desaparecidos. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024.
- ^ "Miguel Etchecolatz, unrepentant dictatorship-era torturer and killer, dies at 93". Buenos Aires Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ Their publishing house titles include Conversations with Mussolini and The dirty history of B'nai B'rith Anti-Defamation League
- ^ "El represor argentino Miguel Etchecolatz deberá purgar una condena anterior en una cárcel común" [Argentine repressor Miguel Etchecolatz must complete a previous conviction in ordinary prison]. El País (in Spanish). 24 June 2006. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023.
- ^ "Revocaron la prisión domiciliaria de Etchecolatz" [Revocation of house arrest for Etchecolatz]. Terra (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 September 2011.
- ^ a b "Argentina holds 'Dirty War' Trial". BBC News. 21 June 2006. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023.
- ^ "Día de testimonios en los juicios contra Etchecolatz y 'El Turco' Julián" [Day of testimonies in the trials of Etchecolatz and 'The Turk' Julien]. La Nación (in Spanish). 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012.
- ^ "Juicio a Etchecolatz: un camillero dijo que trasladó cuerpos sin identificar al cementerio de La Plata" [Etchecolatz trial: an orderly says unidentified bodies moved to the cemetery of La Plata]. Clarín (in Spanish). 15 July 2006. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007.
- ^ a b c "Esto no es una desaparición cualquiera" [This is not just another disappearance]. Página/12 (in Spanish). 26 September 2006. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024.
- ^ "Kirchner, sobre la desaparición de Jorge Julio López: "El pasado no está ni derrotado ni vencido"" [Kirchner on the disappearance of Jorge Julio López: "The past is neither defeated nor vanquished"]. Clarín (in Spanish). 27 September 2006. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007.
- ^ "Argentine missing-witness rally". BBC News. 7 October 2006. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016.
- ^ "No tenemos miedo, queremos justicia" [We are not afraid, we want justice]. Página/12 (in Spanish). 7 October 2006. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024.
- ^ "Masivo reclamo por el testigo López" [Massive statement by witness López]. La Nación (in Spanish). 7 October 2006. Archived from the original on 31 May 2011.
- ^ "Protests seek justice for Jorge Julio López, 13 years on from disappearance". Buenos Aires Times. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ a b c "Amenazaron al presidente del tribunal que condenó al represor Etchecolatz" [They threatened the presiding judge who sentenced repressor Etchecolatz]. Clarín (in Spanish). 27 September 2006. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007.
- ^ "Las amenazas llegaron a la Justicia" [Threats come to the Justice Department]. Pagina/12 (in Spanish). 28 September 2006. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024.