Memetic warfare is a modern type of information warfare and psychological warfare involving the propagation of memes on social media. While different, memetic warfare shares similarities with traditional propaganda and misinformation tactics, developing into a more common tool used by government institutions and other groups to influence public opinion.
History
editThe concept of memetics derives from the book "The Selfish Gene" (1976) by Richard Dawkins, being defined as a non-genetic means of transferring information from one individual to another.[1]
Over time, the term "meme" became commonly understood as an image, text, video or other transferrable form of digital information, typically spread for the purpose of humor.
Memetics: A Growth Industry in US Military operations was published in 2005 by Michael Prosser, now a Lieutenant Colonel in the Marine Corps. He proposed the creation of a 'Meme Warfare Center'.[2]
In Evolutionary Psychology, Memes and the Origin of War (2006), Keith Henson defined memes as "replicating information patterns: ways to do things, learned elements of culture, beliefs or ideas."
Memetic warfare has been seriously studied as an important concept with respects to information warfare by NATO's Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence. Jeff Giesea, writing in NATO's Stratcom COE Defense Strategic Communications journal, defines memetic warfare as "competition over narrative, ideas, and social control in a social-media battlefield. One might think of it as a subset of 'information operations' tailored to social media. Information operations involve the collection and dissemination of information to establish a competitive advantage over an opponent".[3][4] According to Jacob Siegel, "Memes appear to function like the IEDs of information warfare. They are natural tools of an insurgency; great for blowing things up, but likely to sabotage the desired effects when handled by the larger actor in an asymmetric conflict."[5]
The Taiwanese government and Audrey Tang, its Minister of Digital Affairs, announced their intention to install memetic engineering teams in government to respond to disinformation efforts using a “humor over rumor” approach. The stated purpose of this approach is primarily to counter Chinese political warfare efforts and domestic disinformation.[6]
Examples of Memetic Warfare
editThe Russian Annexation of Crimea, 2014
editEvidence of memetic warfare and other applications of cyber-attacks aiding Russia in their efforts to annex Crimea has been made apparent by reports of roughly 19 million dollars being spent to fund "troll farms" and bot accounts by the Russian government.[7] The intention of this campaign was to spread pro-Russian sentiment on social media platforms, particularly targeting the ethnically Russian populations living within Crimea. This event is widely considered to be Russia's proof of concept for modern information warfare, and serves as a template for future instances of memetic warfare.[8]
United States presidential election, 2016
editMemetic warfare on the part of 4chan and r/The_Donald sub-reddit is widely credited with assisting Donald Trump in winning the election in an event they call 'The Great Meme War'. According to Ben Schreckinger, "a group of anonymous keyboard commandos conquered the internet for Donald Trump—and plans to deliver Europe to the far right."[9]
In a 2018 study, a team that analyzed a 160M image dataset discovered that the 4chan message board /pol/ and sub-reddit r/The_Donald were particularly effective at spreading memes. They found that /pol/ substantially influenced the meme ecosystem by posting a large number of memes, while r/The_Donald was the most efficient community in pushing memes to both fringe and mainstream web communities.[10]
References within Fiction
editIn fiction, the 2002 game Transhuman Space presented the world of 2100 as having "memetics" as a key technology, and the 2004 expansion "Transhuman Space: Toxic Memes" gave examples of "memetic warfare agents".[11]
References
edit- ^ Dawkins, Richard (1981). The selfish gene (Repr. with corr ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Pr. ISBN 978-0-19-857519-1.
- ^ Prosser, Michael. Memetics-A Growth Industry in US Military Operations (PDF) (MSc). United States Marine Corps. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018.
- ^ Giesea, Jeff (Winter 2015). "Academic journal "Defence Strategic Communications" Vol1 | StratCom". Defence Strategic Communications. 1 (1): 67–75.
- ^ "What is memetic warfare and how it threats democratic values? - European Endowment For Democracy: EED". www.democracyendowment.eu.
- ^ Siegel, Jacob (31 January 2017). "Is America Prepared for Meme Warfare?". Vice Motherboard.
- ^ Blanchette, Jude; Livingston, Scott; Glaser, Bonnie S.; Kennedy, Scott. "Protecting Democracy in an Age of Disinformation" (PDF). csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ Duggan, Patrick. "HARNESSING CYBER-TECHNOLOGY'S HUMAN POTENTIAL." Special Warfare, vol. 28, no. 4, Oct.-Dec. 2015, pp. 12+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A560416624/AONE?u=a04fu&sid=googleScholar&xid=6321145f. Accessed 20 Nov. 2024.
- ^ "How Russia Weaponized Social Media in Crimea". The Strategy Bridge. 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
- ^ Schreckinger, Ben (March–April 2017). "World War Meme". Politico Magazine. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
- ^ On the Origins of Memes by Means of Fringe Web Communities. Savvas Zannettou, Tristan Caulfield, Jeremy Blackburn, Emiliano De Cristofaro, Michael Sirivianos, Gianluca Stringhini, Guillermo Suarez-Tangil. ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC), 2018. 31 October 2018. pp. 188–202. doi:10.1145/3278532.3278550. ISBN 9781450356190. S2CID 44180791.
- ^ Cascio, Jamais (April 2004). Transhuman Space: Toxic Memes. Steve Jackson Games. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-55634-726-9. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
The Unified Way is a cult of persistent popularity across Asia and into the Middle East. It is also a memetic warfare agent, a leftover from the buildup to the Pacific War that may well cause more damage than all of the dormant AKVs in orbit.
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Further reading
edit- https://fas.org/irp/agency/army/mipb/2010_02.pdf "Memetic Warfare: The Future of War"; Hancock, Brian J. 2010