Melitón Manzanas González (9 June 1909 – 2 August 1968) was a high-ranking police officer in Francoist Spain, known as a torturer and the first planned victim of ETA.[1][2][3]
Melitón Manzanas | |
|---|---|
| Born | Melitón Manzanas González 9 June 1909 |
| Died | 2 August 1968 (aged 59) Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain |
| Cause of death | Gunshot wounds |
| Occupation(s) | Police officer Torturer |
| Known for | Collaboration with Nazi Germany
Torturing dissidents of the Francoist regime Victim of ETA |
Background
editManzanas entered the police force in 1938, in Irun, where he established one of his infamous interrogation centres and collaborated with Nazi Germany[1] — he helped the Gestapo to arrest Jews who were trying to escape from occupied France.[3] He was assigned to Donostia-San Sebastián in 1941, eventually becoming commander of the Brigada Político-Social (BPS), the francoist political police division, in San Sebastián. A Basque himself, he was a vehement opponent of Basque nationalism, which had been revived in the 1960s, and, in particular, to the then fledgling organisation ETA.
Death and aftermath
editOn 2 August 1968, he was murdered in the first planned killing committed by ETA in response to the killing of Txabi Etxebarrieta.[4][5][6] His killers waited for him at his residence and shot him seven times.[7]
Thirty years after his death, Manzanas was awarded the Medal of Civil Merit dedicated to the victims of terrorism by José María Aznar. Manzanas' service under Franco's regime, the fact that he was known for having used police torture,[1] and the fact that he was not the first torturer rewarded by the Spanish Government raised some controversy about this award.[2][3]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c Iglesias, María Antonioa. "Hablan las víctimas de Melitón Manzanas" (The victims of Melitón Manzanas speak), El País, 2001-01-28. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
- ^ a b "El Gobierno condecora al policía torturador Melitón Manzanas por ser víctima de ETA" (Spanish Government decorates torturer police agent Melitón Manzanas, because he was victim of ETA), El Mundo, 2001-01-20. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
- ^ a b c "España: no deben tolerarse las recompensas a torturadores" (Spain: rewards to torturers should not be tolerated), Amnesty International. 2001-01-30.
- ^ Jeffery, Simon (11 March 2004). "Timeline: Eta". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "Begoña Urroz afera" (PDF) (in Basque). Berria. 20 February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
- ^ Muro, Diego (13 May 2013). Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism. Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 9781134167692.
- ^ Eager, Paige Whaley (15 April 2016). From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists: Women and Political Violence. Routledge. ISBN 9781317132288.