Meena Keshwar Kamal (Pashto/Persian: مینا کشور کمال; 27 February 1956 – 4 February 1987), commonly known as Meena, was an Afghan revolutionary political activist, women's rights activist and founder of Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA), who was assassinated in 1987.
Meena Keshwar Kamal | |
|---|---|
مینا کشور کمال | |
 Meena Keshwar Kamal, 1982 | |
| Born | 27 February 1956 |
| Died | 4 February 1987 (aged 30) |
| Cause of death | Assassination |
| Education | Kabul University |
| Occupation(s) | Revolutionary political activist, feminist, activist |
| Years active | 1977–1987 |
| Organization | Founder of Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) |
| Spouse | Faiz Ahmad (1976-1986) |
Biography
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In 1977, when she was a student at Kabul University,[2] she founded Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA), an organization formed to promote equality and education for women that continues to "give voice to the deprived and silenced women of Afghanistan". Despite the Saur Revolution and women's rights being placed high on the Democratic Republic's agenda,[3] Kamal felt that there was no vast changes of women's deprivation in Afghanistan.[4] In 1979 she campaigned against the government, and organized meetings in schools to mobilize support against it, and in 1981, she launched a bilingual feminist magazine, Payam-e-Zan (Women's Message).[5][6][7] She also founded Watan Schools to aid refugee children and their mothers, offering both hospitalization and the teaching of practical skills.[7][8]
At the end of 1981, by invitation of the French Government, Meena represented the Afghan resistance movement at the French Socialist Party Congress. The Soviet delegation at the Congress, headed by Boris Ponamaryev, left the hall as participants cheered when Meena started waving a victory sign.[9][non-primary source needed] She would eventually move and base her RAWA organization in Quetta, Pakistan, in opposition to the Afghan Marxist government.
Personal life
editKamal was married to Afghanistan Liberation Organization leader Faiz Ahmad,[10] who was murdered by agents of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar on 12 November 1986.[11][12] Meena was executed less than 3 months afterwards. They had three children, whose whereabouts are unknown.
Assassination
editKamal was assassinated in Quetta, Pakistan on 4 February 1987.[13] Reports vary as to who the assassins were, but are believed to have been agents of the Afghan Intelligence Service KHAD, the Afghan secret police, or of fundamentalist Mujahideen leader Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.[2] In May 2002, two men were hanged in Pakistan after being convicted of Kamal's murder.[14]
Legacy
editA special issue of Time magazine on 13 November 2006, included Meena among "60 Asian Heroes" and wrote: "Although she was only 30 when she died, Meena had already planted the seeds of an Afghan women's rights movement based on the power of knowledge."[15]
RAWA says of her "Meena gave 12 years of her short but brilliant life to struggle for her homeland and her people. She had a strong belief that despite the darkness of illiteracy, ignorance of fundamentalism, and corruption and decadence of sell outs imposed on our women under the name of freedom and equality, finally that half of population will be awaken [sic] and cross the path towards freedom, democracy and women's rights. The enemy was rightly shivering with fear by the love and respect that Meena was creating within the hearts of our people. They knew that within the fire of her fights all the enemies of freedom, democracy and women would be turned to ashes."[9]
An enduring quote from Meena states:[7][16]
Afghan women are like sleeping lions, when awoken, they can play a wonderful role in any social revolution.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "Biography of Martyred Meena, RAWA's founding leader". www.rawa.org. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
- ^ a b Jon Boone (30 April 2010). "Afghan feminists fighting from under the burqa". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- ^ https://ahtribune.com/history/636-afghan-women.html Archived 9 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine [unreliable source?]
- ^ Seisab Shahidera, Biswas, P (2014). Afgan Narimukti Andoloner Agnishika (Bengali). Kolkata: Atirikto Publication. pp. 44, 45. ISBN 978-81-928741-0-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "پیام زن، نشریه جمعیت انقلابی زنان افغانستان - راوا". Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- ^ Melody Ermachild Chavis (30 September 2011). Meena: Heroine Of Afghanistan. Transworld. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-4464-8846-1.
- ^ a b c Gioseffi, Daniela (2003). Women on War: An International Anthology of Women's Writings from Antiquity to the Present. Feminist Press at CUNY. p. 283. ISBN 978-1-55861-409-3.
- ^ "Brave Women in a War-Torn World: RAWA and Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
- ^ a b "Biography of Martyred Meena, RAWA's founding leader". RAWA. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- ^ Brodsky, Anne E. With all our strength : the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan. New York City: Routledge, 2003. p. 54
- ^ Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, CIA Op and Homicidal Thug
- ^ "Models and Realities of Afghan Womanhood: A Retrospective and Prospects" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
- ^ Ramakrishnan, Nitya (May 2013). In Custody: Law, Impunity and Prisoner Abuse in South Asia. SAGE India. p. 118. ISBN 9788132117513.
- ^ "BBC News - SOUTH ASIA - Afghan activist's killers hanged". 7 May 2002. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- ^ "TIME Magazine". Archived from the original on 12 January 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
- ^ Tamra Orr (15 September 2011). We Visit Afghanistan. Mitchell Lane Publishers, Incorporated. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-61228-102-5. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
Further reading
edit- Brodsky, Anna E. (2003). With All Our Strength: The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-50069-5.
- Chavis, Melody Ermachild (2003). Meena - Heroine of Afghanistan. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-30689-X.