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May 1960

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The following events occurred in May 1960:

May 1, 1960: USSR shoots down American U-2 spy plane and captures USAF spy pilot Francis Gary Powers alive
May 22, 1960: Earthquake strikes Chile, triggers tsunamis and aftershocks that kill over 5,000 people in Chile, U.S., and Japan
May 16, 1960: Physicist Theodore Maiman makes successful test of the first laser

May 1, 1960 (Sunday)

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Wreckage of the U-2, on display in a Moscow museum[1]

May 2, 1960 (Monday)

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  • Caryl Chessman was executed at 10:03 a.m. in the gas chamber at California's San Quentin Prison after ten years on Death Row. In San Francisco, defense attorneys had asked to present an argument, and U.S. Judge Louis E. Goodman had decided to issue a stay of execution as Chessman was being strapped into his chair, and instructed his secretary to call the prison, but the secretary had copied only four of the five digits of the telephone number, after which the call took a full minute to go through. Goodman blamed the defense attorneys for waiting until the last minute to seek a stay, commenting that "One of them, at least, should have been here earlier."[7] Chessman, an accomplished author on death row for rape rather murder, had won eight prior stays of execution, and his death was protested worldwide.
  • Outfielder Jim Lemon of the Washington Senators became the first Major League Baseball player to wear a batting helmet with earflaps. Helmets had been required in both leagues since 1958[8] but the helmet, required in Little League Baseball, was made available by Senators' owner Calvin Griffith, who ordered the headgear after Earl Battey was struck in the head by a pitch thrown by Tom Sturdivant of the Boston Red Sox. Despite concerns that the flap obscured the batter's vision, Lemon got two hits in three at-bats in a 3–2 win over the Cleveland Indians.[9]
  • As police officer Leonard Baldy was preparing to do a live traffic report on Chicago's WGN (AM) radio station, he and helicopter pilot Horace Ferry were killed when one of the overhead rotor blades fell from the station's helicopter. Ferry was able to maneuver the craft away from the intersection of Milwaukee Avenue and Hubbard Street into a railroad yard embankment, narrowly missing a truck and three children who had been walking along a sidewalk.[10][11]
  • Dr. Robert H. Goetz, a German-born surgeon, led a team at the Van Etten Hospital in the Bronx (now the Jacobi Medical Center) in performing the first coronary artery bypass surgery on a human patient.[12]
  • WLS-AM of Chicago became the first large radio station in the Midwest to switch over to a rock 'n roll format.[13]

May 3, 1960 (Tuesday)

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Interrupted programming
  • At 2:00 p.m. Eastern time (11:00 a.m. Pacific), all regular television and radio broadcasting in the United States halted for 30 minutes as the airwaves were taken over by CONELRAD (later the Emergency Broadcasting System), and sirens sounded across the nation, and all people outside were directed to go to the nearest fallout shelter. It was all part of "Operation Alert 1960" and regular programming was restored after 30 minutes.[14][15] At New York's City Hall Park, a crowd of 500 demonstrators refused police orders to seek shelter, in protest over the nuclear arms race.[16]
  • The Fantasticks, the most popular musical of all time, was staged for the first time. The opening night, at the (off-Broadway) Sullivan Street Playhouse in New York City, was the first of a record 17,162 outings for the show, which would run until January 13, 2002.[17]
  • The European Free Trade Association (EFTA), founded by Britain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Switzerland, Austria and Portugal, came into being, five months after the Stockholm treaty signed on January 4.[18]

May 4, 1960 (Wednesday)

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May 5, 1960 (Thursday)

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  • Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev announced to that nation's parliament that an American military plane had been downed in Soviet territory on May 1.[20]

May 6, 1960 (Friday)

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May 7, 1960 (Saturday)

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Kliment Voroshilov and Leonid Brezhnev

May 8, 1960 (Sunday)

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May 9, 1960 (Monday)

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May 10, 1960 (Tuesday)

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USS Triton's voyage
  • The submarine USS Triton completed its circumnavigation of the globe, after an 84-day voyage that followed the route of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522.[33]
  • John F. Kennedy defeated Hubert Humphrey in the West Virginia primary election, winning the predominantly Protestant state and dispelling doubts about whether Americans would support a Roman Catholic nominee. The win was Senator Kennedy's seventh in the primaries. At 1:08 a.m. the next day, Humphrey conceded defeat, and then said "I am no longer a candidate for the Democratic Presidential nomination", leaving Senator Kennedy unopposed.[34]
  • Nashville became the first major racially segregated city in the United States to desegregate its lunch counters.[35]
  • Born:
  • Died: Yury Olesha, 61, Russian novelist

May 11, 1960 (Wednesday)

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  • At a press conference four days before a summit meeting in Paris with Soviet Premier Khrushchev, President Eisenhower of the United States accepted full responsibility for the U-2 incident, and said that spying on the Soviet Union was justified. "No one wants another Pearl Harbor", he said, adding "In most of the world, no large-scale attack could be prepared in secret, but in the Soviet Union there is a fetish of secrecy, and concealment."[37]
  • In Buenos Aires, four Mossad agents abducted fugitive Nazi Adolf Eichmann aka "Ricardo Klement", shortly after he got off of a bus near his home at 8:10 p.m. Eichmann, mastermind of the Jewish Holocaust in Germany, would be held captive for ten days until he could be flown to Israel.[38]
  • The passenger liner SS France was launched at Saint-Nazaire by Madame Yvonne de Gaulle, wife of the French president.[39]
  • Born: Jürgen Schult, German former track and field athlete and, as of 2023, the world record holder in the discus throw; in Hagenow, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, East Germany[40]
  • Died: John D. Rockefeller Jr., 86, American philanthropist who gave away $475,000,000 of his inheritance during his lifetime.

May 12, 1960 (Thursday)

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Aly Khan
  • Died: Prince Aly Khan, 48, Pakistan's "playboy turned diplomat", died of massive head injuries after his Lancia sports car collided with a sedan in the Parisian suburb of Suresnes, France. The other driver, Herve Bichaton, was reportedly on the wrong side of the road.[43]

May 13, 1960 (Friday)

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  • A group of 200 students, mostly white, staged a sit-in inside the San Francisco City Hall to protest against the House Un-American Activities Committee, following the example of passive resistance used by African-American protesters to fight segregation. The city police dispersed the crowd with fire hoses and clubs, but the students' defiance was dramatic. Between 1,500 and 2,000 people picketed the last session of the committee's hearings, and another 3,500 predominantly anti-Committee spectators massed outside the building.[44] As one author notes, "No one had previously dared confront HUAC so brazenly; most Americans were terrified of even coming into contact with the committee."[45]
  • The first launch by the United States of its new 91 ft (28 m) Delta rocket failed as the third stage did not ignite. The failure would be followed by 15 consecutive successful launches.[46]
  • A six-member team of Swiss, Austrian and Bhutanese climbers, were the first to reach the top of Dhaulagiri, at 8,167 m (26,794 ft), the world's seventh highest mountain.[47]

May 14, 1960 (Saturday)

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  • U.S. President Eisenhower flew to Paris for the scheduled Four Power Summit, after President de Gaulle of France verified that Soviet Premier Khrushchev still wanted to convene the meeting. The talks broke off shortly after de Gaulle called them to order two days later.[48]

May 15, 1960 (Sunday)

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  • While in Paris with President Eisenhower on the first day of a summit with Soviet Premier Khrushchev, U.S. Secretary of Defense Thomas S. Gates Jr. ordered a test of the American military alert system. Declassified documents would later show that Gates's order at 0033 UTC for "a high state of command readiness" was misunderstood, and that within half an hour, the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff placed troops worldwide at DEFCON 3 status.[49] The American public learned of the alert when Lowry Air Force Base asked police to locate key personnel, and the police asked Denver radio station KOA (AM) and KOA-TV to assist. The message that followed- "All fighter pilots F-101 and fighter pilots F-102... Doe Three Alert, Hotcake One and Hotcake Six, scramble at Lowry immediately!" was heard by thousands of Denver listeners.[50][51]
  • The Soviet Union launched Sputnik IV, a five-ton mockup of a crewed spaceship, as a prelude to putting human beings into outer space.[52] The satellite carried a heavy life-size dummy, luckily; the retrorockets fired in the wrong direction, sending the ship into a higher orbit rather than returning it to Earth.[53] The satellite would re-enter Earth's atmosphere on September 5, 1962, with a 20-pound (9.1 kg) fragment landing at the intersection of North 8th Street and Park Street in Manitowoc, Wisconsin.[54][55][56]
  • Qualification tests for the Mercury spacecraft explosive egress hatch were completed.[31]
  • The new Convair 880 made its first passenger flight, for Delta Air Lines.[57]

May 16, 1960 (Monday)

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"World's First Laser: May 16, 1960, Malibu, California, by Theodore H. Maiman"
  • The first working laser was created by U.S. physicist Theodore Maiman, who focused a high-powered flash lamp on a silver-coated ruby rod at the Hughes Research Laboratory in Malibu, California.[58]
  • Shortly after the Four Power Summit in Paris was opened by France's President DeGaulle at 11:00 a.m., Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev demanded the right to speak, and then delivered an angry tirade, which ended with a cancellation of the invitation for President Eisenhower to visit the USSR beginning June 10. The summit ended at 2:00 p.m., and Khrushchev did not show up for further meetings. Eisenhower, Khrushchev and Britain's Prime Minister Macmillan left France three days later.[59][60]
  • Representatives of NASA's research centers began a two-day conference at Langley Research Center to present findings and discuss future work on space rendezvous, the linking of separately-launched spacecraft in orbit, including the concept of a space ferry to rendezvous with a space station in cislunar space.[61][62]

May 17, 1960 (Tuesday)

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May 18, 1960 (Wednesday)

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May 19, 1960 (Thursday)

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  • In Japan, conservative Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi called for a surprise snap vote on a revised version of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in the National Diet, violating parliamentary norms by cutting off debate earlier than expected and leading to a protest sit-in by opposition Japan Socialist Party Diet members. In the so-called "May 19th Incident," Kishi introduced 500 police officers to the Diet building and had the Socialist Party members physically removed from the legislature, before ramming the treaty through just after midnight the next day with only members of his own party present. These actions, widely perceived to be anti-democratic, will lead to a dramatic upsurge in the ongoing Anpo protests against the treaty in the rest of May and June.[66]
  • The largest anti-nuclear rally held in the United States, up to that time, took place at Madison Square Garden in New York, as 17,000 people attended to hear speeches by Eleanor Roosevelt, Norman Thomas, Alf Landon, Walter Reuther and others demanding worldwide disarmament.[67]
  • The first polling organization in the Soviet Union, the "Public Opinion Institute", was announced by the Party newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda. From 1960 to 1967, Komsomol took surveys on such topics as "How has your standard of living changed?"[68]

May 20, 1960 (Friday)

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May 21, 1960 (Saturday)

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  • PFC Buzo Minagawa of Japan, was captured in a jungle at Guam, where he had been sent in 1944 as part of the 3219th artillery during World War II. Through interpreters, Minagawa said that he still could not believe that Japan had lost the war.[72] His companion, Masashi Ito, was found two days later on May 23, and both men were welcomed home on May 28.[73]
  • An El Al flight took off from Buenos Aires at 12:05 a.m., with kidnapped Nazi fugitive Adolf Eichmann safely on board, to face trial for the Holocaust in Israel.[38]
  • Born: Jeffrey Dahmer, American serial killer and sex offender who killed and dismembered seventeen males between 1978 and 1991; in Milwaukee (killed by inmate, 1994)[74]

May 22, 1960 (Sunday)

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Damage in Valdivia, Chile, and in Hilo, Hawaii, U.S.[75]
  • Nearly 5,000 people were killed by a 9.5 magnitude earthquake in Chile that struck at 3:11 p.m. local time (1511 UTC) near Valdivia. Based on seismographic data, the tremor was measured as the largest earthquake of the 20th century, with 9.5 being almost twice as big (and almost three times as strong) as the 9.2 quake that would strike Alaska in 1964.[76] The initial tremor killed 1,655 people, and the aftershocks killed another 4,000. Two million were left homeless, and the shock sent tsunamis that killed 61 people in the U.S. state of Hawaii and another 119 in Japan.[77]
  • The Belgian Congo held elections for the 137-member Chamber of Deputies in advance of being granted independence. Candidates from 28 different political parties were elected as deputies, and Patrice Lumumba's Mouvement National Congolais party won more (33 or less than one-fourth of the seats) than the party with the next highest number. Lumumba was then asked by Belgian authorities to form the first government as Prime Minister.
  • Adolf Eichmann arrived in Israel at 7:35 a.m., roughly 24 hours after he had been spirited out of Argentina.[78]
  • Born: Hideaki Anno, Japanese film director; in Ube, Yamaguchi

May 23, 1960 (Monday)

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Claude

May 24, 1960 (Tuesday)

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  • The Cincinnati Radiation Experiments began at the Cincinnati General Hospital. Dr. Eugene Saenger, a radiologist, had applied for a grant from the U.S. Department of Defense for a study titled "Metabolic Changes in Humans Following Total Body Irradiation", with the goal of determining how soldiers in nuclear war would be affected by large doses of radiation, and irradiated cancer patients without their consent during the first five years of the project. A consent form would be introduced in 1965, without mentioning possible side effects from the radiation exposure. Ninety patients were given high doses of radiation before the project was discontinued in 1971.[83]
  • Tsunamis from the Chilean earthquake, 8,000 miles (13,000 km) away, struck the coast of Japan at Hokkaido, Sanriku and Kii, killing 119 people and washing away 2,800 homes.[84]
  • Thirty-eight hours after the 1960 Valdivia earthquake in Chile, the Chilean volcano Cordón Caulle began a rhyodacitic fissure eruption.[85]
  • The United States launched the Midas II satellite, the first designed to detect missile launches. "Midas" was an acronym for Missile Defense Alarm System.[86]
  • Born: Kristin Scott Thomas, English actress; in Redruth, Cornwall

May 25, 1960 (Wednesday)

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May 26, 1960 (Thursday)

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The gift from the USSR to the U.S. Ambassador; listening device was in the eagle's beak

May 27, 1960 (Friday)

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  • In Turkey, the army staged a coup d'état, led by General Cemal Gürsel, and arrested President Celal Bayar and Prime Minister Adnan Menderes.[89] General Gürsel assumed both offices and replaced the legislature with 37 officers who formed the Milli Birlik Komitesi (Committee of National Unity).[90] Menderes, Foreign Minister Fatin Rustu Zorlu and Finance Minister Hasan Polatkan were later hanged, while Bayar was released after three years imprisonment.[91]
  • King Mohammed V of Morocco dismissed Prime Minister Abdallah Ibrahim and Ibrahim's ministers, then took on the additional job of Prime Minister of Morocco.[92]
  • Dayton J. Lalonde completed a solo voyage from Los Angeles to Sydney after having been at sea on his sailboat, the Craig.[93]
  • Ireland's Grand Canal, connecting Dublin to Limerick, was closed after 156 years.

May 28, 1960 (Saturday)

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May 29, 1960 (Sunday)

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May 30, 1960 (Monday)

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Pasternak

May 31, 1960 (Tuesday)

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  • Jane Goodall began her study of chimpanzees in the wild, arriving at Lolui Island in Kenya after her original plans, to go to the Gombe Reserve, were thwarted by a political dispute.[97]
  • The President's Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health in the U.S. reported that 25% of Americans had suffered from mental illness at some point in their lives.[98]
  • The Malayan Banking Berhad was incorporated.
  • Born: Hervé Gaymard, French MP and former Minister of Agriculture and Finance Minister; in Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Savoie département
  • Died: Walther Funk, 70, Reich Minister of Economics for Nazi Germany and President of the Reichsbank during World War II

References

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  1. ^ required attribution: Mikko Tapio Vartiainen
  2. ^ Norman Polmar, Spyplane: The U-2 History Declassified (MBI, 2000), p134; Paul F. Crickmore, Lockheed Blackbird: Beyond the Secret Missions (Osprey, 2004), p20
  3. ^ Gregory W. Pedlow and Donald E. Welzenbach, The CIA and the U-2 Program, 1954–1974 (Central Intelligence Agency, 1998), pp176–177
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Chronology May 1960", The World Almanac and book of facts, 1961 (New York World-Telegram, 1960), pp168–172
  5. ^ J.C. Aggarwal and S.P. Agrawal, Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future (Concept Publishing, 1995), pp89–90
  6. ^ "Steve Cauthen". National Museum of Racing. Retrieved 10 September 2018..
  7. ^ "Caryl Chessman Executed; Last-Minute Stay Mixup". Oakland Tribune. May 2, 1960. p. 1.
  8. ^ Gentile, Derek (2009). Splitters, Squeezes, and Steals: The Plays, Strategies, and Rules of Baseball. Black Dog & Leventhal. p. 216.
  9. ^ "Senators Use New Cap After Catcher Battey Beaned— Little Loop Helmets Tried". El Paso Herald-Post. El Paso, Texas. UPI. May 4, 1960. p. 22.
  10. ^ "Crash Kills Baldy, Pilot— Traffic Copter Falls In Street". Chicago Sun-Times. May 3, 1960. p. 1 – via WLSHistory.com.
  11. ^ "Patrolman Leonard F. Baldy, Chicago Police Department, Illinois". The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  12. ^ "The History of Myocardial Revascularization Before the Advent of Cardiopulmonary Bypass". Dawn and Evolution of Cardiac Procedures: Research Avenues in Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology. Springer. 2012. p. 74.
  13. ^ Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat, eds. (2001). The Guide to United States Popular Culture. Bowling Green State University Popular Press. p. 93.
  14. ^ "Sirens to Wail; TV, Radio to Go Off for Defense Drill", Chicago Tribune, May 3, 1960, p2-1
  15. ^ "Chicago 'Safe' in 1st Day of Defense Test", Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1960, p15
  16. ^ Dee Garrison, Bracing for Armageddon: Why Civil Defense Never Worked (Oxford University Press, 2006), pp98–99
  17. ^ Robert Viagas, The Back Stage Guide to Broadway (Back Stage Books, 2004), p5
  18. ^ J.A.S. Grenville and Bernard Wasserstein, The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts (Taylor & Francis, 2001) p524
  19. ^ "Lucille Ball Wins Divorce From Desi", Oakland Tribune, May 4, 1960, p1
  20. ^ "Soviets Down U.S. Plane; Unarmed, State Dept. Says", Oakland Tribune, May 5, 1960, p1
  21. ^ Jay Robert Nash, The Great Pictorial History of World Crime (Scarecrow Press, 2004), pp98–99
  22. ^ "Ike Signs Civil Rights Bill Keyed to Guard Negro Vote", Oakland Tribune, May 6, 1960, p1 ; Nina M. Moore, Governing Race: Policy, Process, and the Politics of Race (Praeger, 2000), p45
  23. ^ "Princess Margaret Weds in Splendor", Oakland Tribune, May 7, 1960, p1
  24. ^ "27 Killed, 250 Hurt by Tornadoes", Oakland Tribune, May 7, 1960, p1
  25. ^ "Voroshilov Resigns Russian Presidency", Oakland Tribune, May 7, 1960, p1
  26. ^ "Khrushchev Says Downed U.S. Pilot Is Spy, May Order Trial", Oakland Tribune, May 7, 1960, p1
  27. ^ "Officials in Washington Amazed at Soviet Charges; Relations Further Strained", Oakland Tribune, May 7, 1960, p1
  28. ^ Clash of Champions: Tal vs. Botvinnik, Bryan Smith, chess.com, September 4 2014
  29. ^ Irving Louis Horowitz, ed., Cuban Communism (Transaction Books, 1987) pp142, 623
  30. ^ "Jet Crash Kills 11", Oakland Tribune, May 9, 1960, p1
  31. ^ a b c d   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART II (B) Research and Development Phase of Project Mercury January 1960 through May 5, 1961". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  32. ^ "U.S. Approves Pill For Birth Control". The New York Times. May 10, 1960. p. 75.
  33. ^ "A-Sub Circles Globe Under Sea". Oakland Tribune. May 10, 1960. p. 1.
  34. ^ "Big Kennedy Victory in W. Virginia". Oakland Tribune. May 11, 1960. p. 1.
  35. ^ Smith, Jessie Carney, ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of African American Business. Greenwood Press. pp. 26–27.
  36. ^ Richardson, Elaina (February 2002). "Bono-Fire". Oprah.com. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  37. ^ "Ike Defends Shut-Sky Spies", Salt Lake Tribune, May 12, 1960, p1
  38. ^ a b Ephraim Kahana, Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence (Scarecrow Press 2006), p84
  39. ^ Brian J. Cudahy, The Cruise Ship Phenomenon in North America (Cornell Maritime Press, 2001), p213
  40. ^ "Jürgen Schult". sports-reference.com. Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  41. ^ "Russ Threaten Atomic War; U.S. Note Defends Spy Flights". Oakland Tribune. May 12, 1960. p. 1.
  42. ^ Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). "Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century". ABC-CLIO. p. 117.
  43. ^ "Aly Khan Mourned By Silent Crowd". Oakland Tribune. May 13, 1960. p. 1.
  44. ^ "HUAC: The Events of May 1960", Free Speech Movement Archives.
  45. ^ Robert J. Bresler, Us vs. Them: American Political and Cultural Conflict from WW II to Watergate (Scholarly Resources, 2000), p42; Matthew Lasar, Pacifica Radio: The Rise of an Alternative Network (Temple University Press, 1999), 186; "General Riot Breaks Out At Red Quiz", Oakland Tribune, May 13, 1960, p1; HUAC May 1960
  46. ^ Frank H. Winter, Rockets Into space (Harvard University Press, 1990), p87
  47. ^ Ramesh Chandra Bisht, International Encyclopaedia of Himalayas (Vol. 4, Mittal Publications, 2008), p61
  48. ^ Ambrose, Stephen E. (1999). Ike's Spies: Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment. University Press of Mississippi. p. 288.
  49. ^ Lynn-Jones, Sean M.; et al. (September 12, 1990). Nuclear Diplomacy and Crisis Management: An International Security Reader. MIT Press. pp. 162–166.
  50. ^ "Whew! It's Just An Alert". Miami News. May 16, 1960. p. 1.
  51. ^ "Panic After U.S. Military Combat Alert". The Age. Melbourne. May 17, 1960. p. 1.
  52. ^ "Soviets Say 'Spaceship' On Schedule". Oakland Tribune. May 16, 1960. p. 1.
  53. ^ Lewis, John S.; Lewis, Ruth A. (1987). Space Resources: Breaking the Bonds of Earth. Columbia University Press. p. 28.
  54. ^ "Possible Remnant of Soviet Sputnik Found at Manitowoc". Manitowoc Herald-Times. September 6, 1962. p. 1.
  55. ^ "Sputnik 'Dies' In Wisconsin". Salt Lake Tribune. September 7, 1962. p. 2.
  56. ^ Wallechinsky, David; Wallace, Amy (2005). The New Book of Lists: The Original Compendium of Curious Information. Canongate. p. 568.
  57. ^ Jones, Geoff (2003). Delta Air Lines: 75 Years of Airline Excellence. Arcadia. p. 42.
  58. ^ Townes, Charles H. (2003). "The first laser". A Century of Nature: Twenty-one Discoveries that Changed Science and the World. University of Chicago Press. p. 107.
  59. ^ "Summit Parley Collapses; Nikita Cancels Ike Visit". Oakland Tribune. May 16, 1960. p. 1.
  60. ^ Geelhoed, E. Bruce; Edmonds, Anthony O. (2002). Eisenhower, Macmillan, and Allied Unity: 1957–1961. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 116–123.
  61. ^   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART I (A) Concept and Design April 1959 through December 1961". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  62. ^   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W. "PART I: Early Space Station Activities -1923 to December 1962.". SKYLAB: A CHRONOLOGY. NASA Special Publication-4011. NASA. p. 14. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  63. ^ Fabián Escalante, CIA covert operations 1959–62: The Cuba Project (Ocean Press, 2004), pp48–49
  64. ^ "The Mad Dog Killer", by Mara Bovsun, New York Daily News, January 31, 2009
  65. ^ William Hawes, Filmed Television Drama, 1952–1958 (McFarland, 2002), p136
  66. ^ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 22–26. ISBN 9780674988484.
  67. ^ Dan Smoot, The Invisible Government (BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008), pp164–165
  68. ^ Elizabeth Ann Weinberg, The Development of Sociology in the Soviet Union (Routledge, 1974), pp83–84
  69. ^ Richard L. Carson, Comparative Economic Systems (M.E. Sharpe, 1990), p445
  70. ^ "Japan House OKs Treaty Despite Riot", Oakland Tribune, May 19, 1960, p1
  71. ^ "Theater: Guest Artist Bios: John Billingsley". oxy.edu. Occidental College. October 4, 2012. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013.
  72. ^ "Japanese Soldier Finds War's Over", Oakland Tribune, May 21, 1960, p1
  73. ^ Beatrice Trefalt, Japanese Army Stragglers and Memories of the War in Japan, 1950–1975 (Routledge, 2003), pp103–104
  74. ^ Lavin, Cheryl (October 13, 1991). "Defending Dahmer". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
  75. ^ required attribution: Dutch National Archive
  76. ^ USGS magnitude calculator
  77. ^ "Neotectonics, Seismology and Paleoseismology", by Laura Perucca and Hugo Bastias, in The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego (Elsevier, 2008), p85
  78. ^ David Cesarani, Becoming Eichmann: Rethinking the Life, Crimes, and Trial of a "Desk Murderer" (Da Capo Press, 2007), p234
  79. ^ Fredericks, Anthony D. (2002). Tsunami Man: Learning About Killer Waves with Walter Dudley. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 28–31.
  80. ^ Wright, Conrad (1989). A Stream of Light: A Short History of American Unitarianism. Skinner House Books. p. 154.
  81. ^ "Israelis Capture Top Nazi". Pacific Stars and Stripes. May 24, 1960. p. 1.
  82. ^ Cole, Tim (2000). Selling the Holocaust: From Auschwitz to Schindler. Routledge. p. 49.
  83. ^ Stephens, Martha (2002). The Treatment: The Story of Those Who Died in the Cincinnati Radiation Tests. Duke University Press. pp. 293–295.
  84. ^ Nagano, Osami; et al. (1991). "A Numerical Model for Far-Field Tsunamis and Its Application to Predict Damages Done to Aquaculture". Tsunami Hazard: A Practical Guide for Tsunami Hazard Reduction. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 235–236.
  85. ^ "Chileans Hit By Volcano Eruption". Oakland Tribune. May 23, 1960. p. 1.
  86. ^ "'Spy-in-Sky' Midas Rocket in Orbit". Oakland Tribune. May 24, 1960. p. 1.
  87. ^ "4 New Quakes, Waves Hit Chile", Oakland Tribune, May 25, 1960, p1
  88. ^ "Lodge Bares Soviet Microphone Plant in Embassy at Moscow", Oakland Tribune, May 26, 1960, p1
  89. ^ "Strongman Ousted in Turkish Army Revolt", Oakland Tribune, May 27, 1960, p1
  90. ^ F.R.C. Bagley, The Muslim World: A Historical Survey (E.J. Brill, 1981), p54
  91. ^ "Celal Bayar: Conspiratorial Democrat", by George Harris, in Political Leaders and Democracy in Turkey (Lexington Books 2002), pp51–52
  92. ^ Lise Storm, Democratization in Morocco: The political elite and struggles for power in the post-independence state (Routledge, 2007) p18
  93. ^ William H. Longyard, A Speck on the Sea: Epic Voyages in the Most Improbable Vessels (International Marine/McGraw-Hill, 2003), p229
  94. ^ Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States (National Academy of Sciences, 1968), p53
  95. ^ Jürgen Kleiner, Korea: A Century of Change (World Scientific, 2001), p128
  96. ^ David Cesarani, Becoming Eichmann: Rethinking the Life, Crimes, and Trial of a "Desk Murderer" (Da Capo Press, 2007), p242
  97. ^ Meg Greene, Jane Goodall: A Biography (Greenwood Press, 2005), p45
  98. ^ Hutchinson Encyclopedia
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