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Masayoshi Ōhira (大平 正芳, Ōhira Masayoshi, 12 March 1910 – 12 June 1980) was a Japanese politician who served as prime minister of Japan from 1978 until his death in 1980.
Masayoshi Ōhira | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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大平 正芳 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Official portrait, 1978 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prime Minister of Japan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 7 December 1978 – 12 June 1980 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | Shōwa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Takeo Fukuda | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Zenkō Suzuki | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President of the Liberal Democratic Party | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 1 December 1978 – 12 June 1980 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice President | Eiichi Nishimura | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Secretary-General | Kunikichi Saito | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Takeo Fukuda | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Eiichi Nishimura (acting) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Member of the House of Representatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 1 October 1952 – 12 June 1980 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Constituency | Kagawa At-Large District | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | 12 March 1910[1] Kan'onji, Empire of Japan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 12 June 1980 (aged 70) Minato, Tokyo, Japan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Liberal Democratic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | Shigeko (1916–1990) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | Hitotsubashi University | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Signature |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Born in Kagawa Prefecture, Ōhira worked in the Ministry of Finance from 1936, and served as the private secretary to Hayato Ikeda, finance minister from 1949 to 1952. Ōhira was first elected to the Diet in 1952, and served as foreign minister in Ikeda's cabinet from 1962 to 1964 and as international trade and industry minister from 1968 to 1970 under Eisaku Satō. He took over Ikeda's faction of the Liberal Democratic Party and later served as foreign minister from 1972 to 1974 under Kakuei Tanaka and as finance minister from 1974 to 1976 under Takeo Miki. He succeeded Takeo Fukuda as LDP president and prime minister in 1978. After his government was defeated in a no-confidence vote, Ōhira decided to call the 1980 election rather than resign, but died suddenly of a heart attack. He is the most recent Japanese premier to die in office.[a]
Early life
editMasayoshi Ōhira was born on 12 March 1910, in Wada, Kagawa Prefecture (present-day Kan'onji, Kagawa), the third son of farmer Toshiyoshi Ōhira and his wife Saku.[2] His father was a representative of the village council and the irrigation union although he had not received any education.[2][3] He had eight siblings (two elder brothers, three elder sisters, a younger brother and a younger sister) but the eldest of the sisters had died before her first birthday and one of his elder brothers had died at age two.[3] Ōhira referred to himself as "the son of an impoverished farmer of Sanuki" but in reality his family was middle-class.[2] But even then, the parents had a hard time supporting their six children, and Ōhira assisted their side job from a young age.[2][3]
In 1926, when he was 16 years old, Ōhira contracted typhoid fever and nearly died. This near death experience contributed to his conversion to Christianity around that time.
In 1933, when he was 23, Ōhira won two scholarships and was able to belatedly attend university at the Tokyo University of Commerce (present-day Hitotsubashi University), where he studied economics. In 1936, he entered the Ministry of Finance, where he became a protégé of Hayato Ikeda.
Ōhira worked in the Ministry of Finance throughout World War II. In the postwar period, when Ikeda became Minister of Finance from 1949 to 1952, Ōhira served as his private secretary.
Early political career
editIn 1952, at Ikeda's urging, Ōhira ran for and won the first of 10 terms in the House of Representatives of the Japanese National Diet, first representing the Liberal Party, and later its successor party the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
In 1957, as Ikeda prepared a push to try to become prime minister, Ōhira became a founding member of Ikeda's "Kōchikai" think tank, and was widely viewed as Ikeda's "right-hand man".[4] He helped Ikeda write speeches and election manifestos.[4]
Ikeda became prime minister in 1960, when Nobusuke Kishi resigned following the disastrous 1960 Anpo Protests. As a trained economist and trusted member of Ikeda's "brain trust", Ōhira helped design and implement Ikeda's famed Income Doubling Plan, which helped turn the attention of the Japanese people away from contentious political struggles to a nationwide drive for economic growth.[5]
From 1962–1964, Ōhira served as Ikeda's Foreign Minister. In this role, he conducted the delicate negotiations which paved the way for Japan's normalization of relations with South Korea in 1965. When Ikeda died in 1964, Ōhira inherited control of his faction.
LDP power broker and prime minister
edit
At the apex of his political life, Ōhira came to represent what were known as the "mainstream factions" within the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which put him at odds with Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda, who led what were known as the "anti-mainstream" factions.[6] From 1968 to 1970, Ōhira served as Minister of International Trade and Industry under Ikeda's successor Eisaku Satō. In 1972, Ōhira unsuccessfully competed for the party leadership before throwing his support to ultimate winner Kakuei Tanaka. Ōhira was then rewarded for his support with a post as Tanaka's first Foreign Minister, which he held until mid-July 1974.[7] In a cabinet reshuffle in July 1974, he was replaced by Toshio Kimura as Foreign Minister but then immediately appointed Finance Minister, replacing Takeo Fukuda.[7]
Ōhira was elected to the presidency of the LDP in late 1978. On 7 December 1978, he was appointed 68th Prime Minister, successfully pushing longtime rival Takeo Fukuda from his position.[8]
Ōhira was the sixth Christian to hold this office after Hara Takashi, Takahashi Korekiyo, Ichirō Hatoyama, Tetsu Katayama, and Shigeru Yoshida.
In the general election of 1979, the LDP narrowly failed to win an outright majority, but enough independent members of the Diet joined the party to enable Ōhira to remain in office, and he was duly reappointed on 9 November of that year. On 16 May 1980, a vote of no confidence was held in the Diet.
Ōhira expected the motion to fail, and was visibly shaken when it passed 243–187.[citation needed] 69 members of his own LDP, including Fukuda, abstained. Given the choice of resigning or calling new elections, Ōhira chose the latter and began campaigning for LDP candidates.
Death
editŌhira's health started to deteriorate in his 60s. During the 1980 election campaign, he was hospitalized for exhaustion on 31 May 1980 and died of a massive heart attack on 12 June, ten days before the general elections.
Chief Cabinet Secretary Masayoshi Ito acted in Ōhira's place as deputy after his death. Yoshio Sakurauchi, the Secretary General of LDP, led the LDP to its greatest victory in fifteen years, capitalizing on the "sympathy vote" generated by Ōhira's death. Zenkō Suzuki became Ōhira's successor as prime minister following the election.
Personal life
editReligion
editŌhira converted to Christianity during his time at the Takamatsu Higher School of Commerce (now the Takamatsu College of Economics), though without becoming a member of any formal Christian denomination.[9][10] However, others have stated that he was a member of the Anglican Church in Japan during the 1970s.[11]
Honours
edit- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (12 June 1980; posthumous)[12]
- Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan (1980)[13]
- In Mexico City, Mexico, a park was named after him; it is located south of Rio Churubusco avenue and East of Tlalpan avenue.
Foreign honours
edit
Belgium: Order of Leopold (20 January 1964)
Malaya: Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (S.M.N.) (1964)[14]
Brazil: Order of the Southern Cross (16 September 1976)
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Keizō Obuchi, who suffered a stroke while in office, was removed from office on 5 April 2000 after suddenly falling into a coma a month before his death in May 2000.
References
edit- ^ "Man in the News". The New York Times. 1 September 1972. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
- ^ a b c d Hattori, Ryūji; 服部龍二 (2014). Ōhira Masayoshi : rinen to gaikō. Iwanami Shoten. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-4-00-029129-3. OCLC 879561049.
- ^ a b c Fukunaga, Fumio; 福永文夫 (2008). Ōhira Masayoshi : "sengo hoshu" to wa nani ka. Chūō Kōron Shinsha. pp. 15–17. ISBN 978-4-12-101976-9. OCLC 294936502.
- ^ a b Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780674988484.
- ^ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 76, 100–101. ISBN 9780674988484.
- ^ Nihon Kōgyō Shinbunsha. (1979). Business Japan. Vol. 24, Nos. 10–12, p. 47.
- ^ a b "Tanaka reshuffles Japanese cabinet". Daytona Beach Morning. Tokyo. AP. 17 July 1974. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
- ^ Brown, James Robert. (1999). The ministry of finance, p. 199.
- ^ Choy, Lee Khoon (1995). Japan — Between Myth and Reality. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. p. 109. ISBN 981-02-1865-6. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ^ Rothacher, Albrecht (1993). The Japanese Power Elite. Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-349-22995-6. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
Ohira as a University student later joined the 'no-church movement' and has treated his religious convictions as a private matter ever since.
- ^ Ikehara, Mariko (2011). Doak, Kevin M. (ed.). Xavier's Legacies: Catholicism in Modern Japanese Culture. Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7748-2022-6. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
- ^ From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia
- ^ 䝪䞊䜲䝇䜹䜴䝖日本連盟 きじ章受章者 [Recipient of the Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan] (PDF). Reinanzaka Scout Club (in Japanese). 23 May 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2020.
- ^ "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat".
Bibliography
edit- Brown, James Robert. (1999). The ministry of finance: bureaucratic practices and the transformation of the Japanese economy. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56720-230-4; OCLC 39033542
- Satō, Seizaburō Ken'ichi Kōyama and Shunpei Kumon. (1990). [Postwar Politician: The Life of Former Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira.] Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 978-4-7700-1499-3