María de los Ángeles Cano Márquez (12 August 1887 – 26 April 1967) was a Colombian poet and writer who was the country's first female political leader. Called the "Flor del trabajo" (Labor flower), Cano led the struggle for basic civil rights and the rights of salaried workers. She was the leader of several workers' strikes and a co-founder of the Socialist Revolutionary Party.
María Cano | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | María de los Ángeles Cano Márquez August 12, 1887 |
| Died | April 26, 1967 (aged 79) Medellín |
| Nationality | Colombian |
| Occupation | political activist |
| Years active | 1925–1930 |
| Known for | First female Colombian political leader |
Early life and education
editCano was born on 12 August 1887 in Medellín in Antioquia Department to Don Rodolfo Cano and Dona Amelia Márquez,[1][2] educated and influential Radical Liberals.[3][4] She had two sisters.[1] She was educated in secular rather than Catholic schools.[2] Colombian women weren't permitted to attend university at the time.[1] Both of Cano's parents died when she was 23.[1]
Career
editCano participated in a literary circle and magazine called Cyrano with other intellectuals from Medellín.[5] By 1922, she was working for the newspaper El correo liberal ("The Liberal Mail").[4] Her writing and poetry had an "intimate and erotic" tone.[4] In March 1924, she expressed a desire to open a free public library, inviting newspapers and bookstores to donate materials, and by May a municipal library had begun.[2]
Cano was involved in political circles influenced by the Bolshevik Revolution and became a socialist. She abandoned writing purely for artistic reasons and became a social activist and revolutionary leader. As well as providing food and clothing to people in need, she did readings at the library to raise cultural awareness among workers. She visited factories and began denouncing the unfair working conditions and organising strikes.[4]
On 1 May 1925, Colombia's Labor Day, Cano was given the name the "Labor flower of Medellín",[4] an honorific title usually given to charity workers that she used as a political platform.[3] She became a symbol for rebellious women, and "parents in Antioquia sought to prevent their daughters from becoming mariacanos."[4]
From 1925–1927, Cano made seven tours of the country.[3] Her first rallies were held at the mines of Sevilla and Remedios. She was instrumental in the liberation of Raúl Eduardo Mahecha. In 1926, the National Workers Confederation gave her the responsibility of organising Antioquia's representation at the Third Labor Congress.[4] At the congress she interviewed the government secretary, calling for the release of political prisoners Vicente Adame and Manuel Quintín Lame, making her the first women to occupy a leadership position in a political organisation in Colombia.[4] She was declared the "Labor flower of Colombia".[6] She was instrumental in the founding of the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1926.[3] She spoke out against the death penalty alongside former President Carlos Eugenio Restrepo.[2]
Cano was arrested several times and placed under police surveillance. Several of her rallies were broken up by the police in riot gear. She spoke out against social injustice amongst the elite, the government's repression of opposition, and the practices of US companies.[2]
Cano co-founded the party newspaper, La justicia, and wrote for numerous other publications.[4] In 1928, she led the fight against the government's ley heroica, a law designed to suppress communism. She also supported Nicaraguan leader Augusto César Sandino against the invasion of US troops.[2] In November 1928, a strike of banana plantation workers culminated in a massacre of workers at a demonstration at Ciénaga, Magdalena on 6 December.[2] Although Cano was not present, she was charged with conspiracy and imprisoned.[4] She became politically isolated after an ideological split in the socialist ranks and was unsuccessful in a 1934 attempt at returning to politics.[3]
Cano left Bogotá and worked for the Antioquia State Press in Medellín.[6] The Medellín Women's Alliance recognised her contributions in 1945. In 1960 she was appointed as the speaker for the Democratic Organization of Antioquia Women.[4]
Personal life
editCano lived with communist writer and orator Ignacio Torres Giraldo.[7]
Death and legacy
editCano died in Medellín on 26 April 1967.[4]
In 1990, Camila Loboguerrero directed a Colombian film called Maria Cano, starring Maria Eugenia Dávila as Cano filmed in Salamina-Caldas. In Antioquia, there is a street, two schools and a University[8] named after Cano. In 1991, the labor organization The Flor del Trabajo Association was created in Funza. Its name was changed on 23 March 2013 to the Association Maria Cano.
References
edit- ^ a b c d Archila Neira, Mauricio (11 December 1980). "La flor rebelde". Semana (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 March 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g Velásquez Toro, Magdala (1 June 1990). "María Cano. Pionera y agitadora social de los años 20". Credencial Historia (in Spanish). 6. Banco de la República. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
- ^ a b c d e Stanfield, Michael Edward (2013). Of Beasts and Beauty: Gender, Race, and Identity in Colombia. University of Texas Press. pp. 1925–1926. ISBN 9780292745605.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Suárez, Juana (2001). "María Cano". In Tompkins, Cynthia; Foster, David William (eds.). Notable Twentieth-century Latin American Women: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 64–67. ISBN 9780313311123.
- ^ Subgerencia Cultural del Banco de la República. "La Red Cultural del Banco de la República". www.banrepcultural.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-07-07.
- ^ a b Dueñas-Vargas, Guiomar (2008). "María Cano". In Smith, Bonnie G. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 277–278. ISBN 9780195148909.
- ^ Farnsworth-Alvear, Ann (2000). Dulcinea in the Factory: Myths, Morals, Men, and Women in Colombia's Industrial Experiment, 1905–1960. Duke University Press. p. 126.
- ^ "Fundación Universitaria María Cano".